monarchy. His blood-thirsty conduct gained him the well-merited designation of the "Tiger." When Robespierre's power was on the wane, Collot abandoned his cause, and, as president of the convention, exerted his utmost influence to procure the condemnation of his former friend. In March, 1795, he and Billaud were condemned to be transported to Guiana. Collot, who was almost constantly in a state of intoxication, died there, 8th January, 1796.—J. T.
COLMAN, an Irish monk of the Columbian order in the island of Iona, who lived in the seventh century, and was presented to the see of Lindisfarne. He is known for the controversy which he maintained with Wilfrid, bishop of York, upon the observance of Easter, supporting against this last the views of the Irish clergy. Colman ultimately retired to the island of Inis-bo-fin, where he founded a monastery and afterwards another in Mayo. He is said to have died on the 8th of August, 676, and to have been buried in his own church at Inis-bo-fin.—J. F. W.
COLMAN, Benjamin, D.D., an eminent American clergyman, born at Boston, 19th October, 1673; died 29th August, 1747. After a long residence in England, where he enjoyed the friendship of many eminent dissenters, he became pastor of a congregation at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1699.—F. B.
COLMAN, George, the Elder, born at Florence about 1733; died at Paddington in 1794. He was the son of Thomas Colman, Esq., British resident at the court of the grand-duke. He was educated at Westminster school, and at Christ church, Oxford. He graduated master of arts in 1758. He formed early friendships with Lloyd, Cowper, Churchill, and Bonnell Thornton. In conjunction with the latter, he published the Connoisseur, a weekly periodical, which commenced in January, 1754, and terminated September, 1756. Soon after leaving Oxford, he was called to the bar from Lincoln's Inn. He held a few briefs, but soon discontinued to attend the courts. Two amusing poems written in conjunction with Lloyd, attracted a good deal of attention. The admirers of Gray and Mason were scandalized by odes to Obscurity and Oblivion, in which their style was skilfully imitated. In 1760 appeared Colman's "Polly Honeycomb," which was acted at Drury Lane with great success. In the next year he produced "The Jealous Wife," the story of which is formed from Fielding's Tom Jones. He became co-proprietor with Thornton of the St. James' Chronicle, and printed in it some essays, which he afterwards republished in a collection of his miscellaneous works. In 1764 Lord Bath, whose wife was his mother's sister, left him an annuity which placed him comparatively at ease. A second annuity from Lord Bath's mother followed in 1767. About this time he published a translation of Terence in the loose dramatic verse of Beaumont and Fletcher. In 1769 he contributed the play of "the Merchant" to Bonnell Thornton's Plautus. These translations are among the best in the language. In 1768 Colman had become joint-manager of Covent Garden theatre, but disputes arose between him and the other proprietors, which ended in his selling his share, and purchasing the Haymarket from Foote. In 1783 he published a translation of Horace's Art of Poetry, with a commentary, in which he endeavoured to show that the poet's purpose was to dissuade an unpromising aspirant from publishing a dramatic poem. He has thrown the poem into a light and graceful style, not unlike the manner of the best of Garrick's prologues. In 1785 he had an attack of paralysis. In 1789 he exhibited derangement of mind, which increased till reason became quite extinct. His dramatic works, which are very numerous, have been published in four volumes, and his miscellaneous works in three.—J. A., D.
COLMAN, George, the Younger, son of the preceding, born 1762. Like his father, he was educated at Westminster school, and Christ church, Oxford. He, however, left Oxford for King's college, Aberdeen, from which, with the intention of being called to the English bar, he entered the Temple as a law student. His father's theatre, however, proved a formidable rival to Westminster hall, and the state of his father's health rendering some change in the management necessary, he undertook it at a salary of £600 a year, and did not again open his law books. While yet at Aberdeen, he published a poem, "The Man of the People," of which Fox was the hero; and in 1782 "The Female Dramatists," founded on Roderick Random, which was acted at the Haymarket for a benefit, but not repeated. This is said to have been his first work for the stage. "Two to One" was his next piece. This was perfectly successful, and he was hailed by a poet of the day as
" A George the Second sprung from George the First."
The management of the theatre brought him into serious difficulties. Litigation unintelligible occupied both sides of Westminster hall, while Paternoster Row was in its day occupied with pamphlets now unpurchaseable at any price, and unreadable by any diligence. This state of things necessarily brought with it ruin on all concerned, and poor "George the second" lived many a long year in the "rules" of the Fleet. Relief, however, came at last, though slow to come. Through the interest of the duke of York, he was given the office of licenser of plays, and this made his latter days comfortable. Actors and authors are seldom destined to agree. One of Colman's plays, "The Iron Chest," founded on Godwin's Caleb Williams, failed—the author thought, through Kemble's fault—and he published the play with a preface, which he afterwards withdrew. Large prices are still given by book-fanciers for copies with the suppressed preface. George Colman, the Younger, published some humorous poems, many of which were very popular. He was jealous of his reputation as a dramatic author, and when he brought out farces or other pieces that could not be classed with the regular drama, it was under the assumed name of Arthur Griffinhoof.—J. A., D.
COLNET de Ravel, Charles Jean Auguste Maximilian de, born in Picardy in 1768. He was in his schoolboy days a fellow student of Bonaparte and Bertrand at Brienne, which he left to study medicine. He opened a bookshop in the year 1797 in Paris; and while waiting for customers, wrote satires upon contemporary authors. This was unprofitable work, for the police constantly interfered with it. Colnet sought to elude his censors in writing "The Art of obtaining a Dinner," and in editing a journal of arts, sciences, and literature. Charles X. allowed him a small pension, which was enough for his few wants. He lived to witness the fall of his royal patron, and died in 1832.—J. F. C.
COLONNA, Fabio, or Fabius Columna, a musical mathematician and distinguished botanist, was born at Naples, according to Lichtenthal and others, in 1567; according to Gerber in 1578; he died at Naples in 1650. He belonged to the very ancient noble Roman family whose name he bore. He published three books of plants, with commentaries on the Greek naturalists. He became a member of the Academia Lyncæi in Rome, founded by the duke of Aqua Sparta for the advancement of science. The remarkable revolution in music wrought in Florence at the close of the sixteenth century, through the origination of recitative, of which the compositions of Caccini, Peri, Monteverde, and Cavalieri furnish the first specimens, was effected by an association of literary and philosophical men, under the idea of restoring to the art the declamatory character it held in Greece. The subject of Greek music was thus brought under the consideration of the learned; and Colonna, accordingly, with the design of reviving the use of the three ancient genera, diatonic, chromatic, and enharmonic, constructed an instrument of fifty strings, on which the tone was divided into five degrees, and printed in 1618 an elaborate description of this and of the principles it illustrated, in a work entitled "Delia Sambuca Lincea, overo dell' instrumento musico perfetto." Burney ridicules the instrument as useless, and the principles set forth in this very scarce book as impracticable; unmindful that whatever affinity they may bear to the Greek laws of musical proportions, they are precisely analogous with the system of music which prevails in Arabia at the present day. Hawkins gives a complete account of the work and of its tenets, which, however superseded by subsequent mathematical calculations of ratios, is far from unimportant in the history of musical science.—G. A. M.
COLONNA, Francisco, born at Venice in 1449; died in 1527. While yet very young he became a dominican, taught rhetoric at Treviso in 1467, and took the degree of doctor in theology at Padua in 1473. He is known by an allegorical romance, "Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, ubi humana omnia non nisi somnium esse docet." The collectors of rare books are glad to purchase at almost any price the original edition, printed at Venice in 1499 by the elder Aldus. It is a folio, with wood engravings by Giovanni Bellino. A later edition, 1545, Venice, "in casa de' figliuoli di Aldo," is more often met with, but is of little comparative value.—J. A., D.
COLONNA, Giovanni Paolo, a musician, was born at
