who had followed him out of France. He arrived at Aix in Provence, where the court then was, on the 28th January, 1660, and had an interview with Mazarin and the king, who promised never to remember the error which had been hurtful only to the prince himself.
Condé retired to Chantilly, to which residence he was much attached, and amused himself by improving it. In February, 1671 he caused his unfortunate wife to be imprisoned in the castle of Chateauroux on an accusation of infidelity, which the historians of the time believed to have been entirely groundless, and which was certainly at variance with her irreproachable conduct during the thirty years of her married life, and with the piety, devotion, prudence, and courage she had exhibited during Condé's imprisonment. In the campaign against Holland in 1672, Condé accompanied the king, and exhibited, as usual, the highest degree of ability and courage, especially in that brilliant exploit the passage of the Rhine in face of the enemy, wherein he commanded, and wherein he received a severe wound by the shattering of his left wrist by a musket ball, which prevented his taking any further part in the campaign. In 1674 he once more commanded on the Flemish frontier, and with an army of forty-five thousand men fought, at Seneff, the prince of Orange with sixty thousand men; they fought till night, and both claimed the victory. In the following year Condé was again sent to take the command in Flanders, to replace Turenne, who had fallen at Stolhoffen in the very moment when victory seemed within his grasp. This campaign closed the military career of the great commander. His mental powers were undiminished, but his bodily strength was failing. He therefore declined the command of the army which Louis offered him the following year, and retired finally to Chantilly, where he derived his greatest pleasure in embellishing his charming retreat, and enjoying the society of men of letters, among whom the names of Boileau, Racine, and Molière were specially distinguished. He expired in the evening of December 11th, 1686. One of Bossuet's finest funeral orations is that which he pronounced over the great Condé. Almost all the memoirs and letters of the time throw some light on his history. The following are the most authentic and interesting—Memoires par Pierre Lenet; which alone furnish any account of the hero's childhood; Histoire de Louis II. de Bourbon, by Desormeaux, 4 vols. Paris, 1766; Historical Essay on the great Condé by his great-grandson Louis Joseph de Bourbon, prince de Condé. The Commentaries of the Emperor Napoleon on the campaigns of Condé comprised in Piéces sur les guerres de marèchal de Turenne, published in the Mèlanges Historiques by Count Montholon, London, 1833, are highly interesting.—B. de B.
CONDÉ, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de, a French general, son of the duke of Bourbon, was born at Chantilly in 1756. He served with distinction in the Seven Years' war; presided in one section of the assembly of notables in 1787; and, having withdrawn from Franco when the revolutionary party triumphed, was chosen to command the army which the emigrants organized on the Rhenish frontier. After the execution of Louis XVI., he proclaimed the dauphin, and joining with his troops the army of Marshal Wurmser, distinguished himself in the campaigns of 1795 and 1796. The peace of Campo Formio compelled him to take service with Paul I. of Russia, who employed him in Poland, and afterwards on the Inn. In 1801 he took refuge in Britain, and lived to enter Paris at the restoration in the same carriage with Louis XVIII., by whom he was restored to his rank and honours; but he enjoyed them only a few years, his death taking place in 1818. He wrote in his earlier years a memoir of the great Condé.—W. B.
CONDER, Josiah, an English nonconformist writer, was born in 1789. He was the son of a bookseller, and followed the same business until 1819. He became the publisher and proprietor of the Eclectic Review, which he also edited until 1837, assisted by contributions from Robert Hall, and other eminent nonconformist divines and writers. Besides numerous articles in reviews and magazines, Mr. Conder published several religious works characterized by great ability and earnestness. In 1832 he became the editor of the Patriot newspaper, and continued to hold that office till his death in 1855.—J. T.
CONDILLAC, Etienne Bonnot de, was born at Grenoble in 1715. His brother, Gabriel Bonnot, is well known as the Abbé Mably. Condillac also was destined for the church, and was styled Abbé. Having come to Paris while yet young, he became acquainted with Diderot and J. J. Rousseau; but the acquaintanceship was not intimate, and he did not contract any indiscreet or compromising familiarity with contemporary philosophers. His position as a churchman gave a caution and reserve to his speculations and his conduct, and kept both within a safe range. Having acquired celebrity by his writings, he was appointed preceptor to the hereditary prince of Parma. For his use he compiled "Cours d'Etudes," 13 vols. 8vo, Parma, 1769-1773. He was subsequently named a member of the French Academy, in succession to the celebrated grammarian, the Abbé Olivet. Condillac died in the abbey of Flux, near Beaugency, of the revenues of which he was in possession. The first work of Condillac was "Essai sur l'origine des Connaissances Humaines," 2 tom. 12mo, Amst. 1746. In it he takes Locke for his guide, and traces all our ideas to experience—experience being made up of sensation and reflection. While the mind is passive in receiving sensations, he admitted that, in reflecting upon its own operations, it manifested some degree of activity. But in his "Traité des Sensations," 2 tom. 12mo, Paris and London, 1754, he altered his philosophy by denying the activity of the mind, and resolving all our ideas into sensations gradually transformed. In doing so he was departing from the philosophy of Locke. Of this he was quite aware; for he says, at the beginning of his "Treatise of Sensations," "Locke distinguished two sources of our ideas, sensation and reflection. It would be more exact to recognize only one; both because reflection, as to its principle, is just sensation; and because it is not so much a source of ideas as the channel by which ideas come from the senses." Condillac, however, although a sensationalist, was not a materialist. He did not confound psychology with physiology, but insisted without ceasing that sensation is not in the bodily organs. His "Traité des Animaux," 2 tom. 12mo, Amst. 1755, was directed against the opinion of Descartes, that the inferior animals are living automata, or animated machines. Condillac argued that they move about as they please; they choose what is suitable, and reject what is unsuitable. They have senses analogous to those of man, and they use them in the same way. They feel some want and seek to supply it. But they cannot reflect. They cannot rise above sensation to any higher idea; and, being incapable of merit or demerit, the pains and pleasures of this life are their all. These pains and pleasures are necessary to the existence of such creatures; and, therefore, they afford no proper objection against the goodness of God—an objection which Descartes sought to obviate by representing them as animated machines. The sensational philosophy of Condillac was widely embraced in France during the latter half of the last century. The simplicity and clearness of the writings in which it was expounded, seemed to make everything plain in the phenomena of mind; and its tendency was in favour of the reforming spirit of the times. But when closely examined, it was found to be both defective and erroneous, explaining some of the facts of consciousness, but omitting the higher functions of the intellect and the native activity and energy of the mind. Mons. Destutt de Tracy did much to give to it philosophical form and consistency; but its radical defects could not long be concealed; and it is now regarded only as a partial and ingenious explanation of some of the conditions under which the faculties by which human knowledge is acquired are developed, and the energies by which human activity is prompted are called into play.—W. F.
CONDORCET, Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de, an illustrious French mathematician and philosopher, who occupies a notable place in the history of the revolutionary epoch, was born at Ribemont in Picardy, September 17, 1743. Educated at the jesuit college in Rheims, and at the college of Navarre in Paris, he especially distinguished himself by his mathematical attainments. His eager intellectual activity, however, was not satisfied with eminence in any one branch of knowledge, but spread itself through all the varied subjects of human thought. Nothing could be more brilliant than Condorcet's early career. Never, writes a friend, had any one such intensity of life, or such a happy abundance of resources. He had a hundred intimate friends, and each friend believed himself the all in all of his affections—a fact very characteristic of the sentimental vivacity which marked Condorcet's early years. At the age of sixteen he sustained an analytical thesis with such singular ability that D'Alembert predicted a future colleague in the academy; and in 1772 Lagrange pronounced one of his memoires profound and sublime. Condorcet assisted in the development of the calculus of probabilities; and Arago testifies
