He was one of the earliest advocates of the principles of free trade, and in 1808 took an active part in the efforts to procure the repeal of the "orders in council" which had proved so injurious to commerce. In 1816 he met with Mr. Clarkson, and soon joined the abolition party, entering warmly into their plans for the civilization of Africa, as a means of putting an end to slavery—an object which the abolition of the slave-trade in 1807 had failed to effect. In 1821 he published a series of "Letters to William Wilberforce" on the superior advantages of free labour. Two years afterwards he published two pamphlets on the economical advantages of free labour, and the importance of bringing the cotton and other productions of India into competition with the slave-grown commodities of the West Indies and America. When the last great effort to obtain the freedom of the slaves was commenced in 1831, he was the first, with counsel and means, to sustain the "agency committee," whose labours in organizing a systematic scheme of lectures all over the kingdom formed an important element in the final success of the abolitionists. He died at Fearnhead in 1840, aged sixty-seven years.—R. M., S.
CROSSE, Andrew, an electrician, whose researches in science led him to a discovery of the laws of crystallization, and to many useful applications of electricity. The descendant of an ancient Somersetshire family, he was born in that county in 1784, at Fyne Court, Broomfield. At an early age he displayed a great love of natural science, more especially electricity. At the meeting of the British Association in 1836, which took place at Bristol, he was induced, not without difficulty, to come forward, and astonished both the chemical and geological sections with the account of his experiments. Science owes to this patient and ingenious observer the suggestion of much of which he has never reaped the honour. He appears to have been an humble and reverent man, ever anxious to share with his fellow-creatures the moral and philosophical truths which his life was spent in seeking. He died in July, 1855. Memorials of Andrew Crosse, published by Longman, 1857, supply particulars of his life and researches.—C. A. H. C.
* CROWE, Mrs. Catherine—the maiden name of this lady was Stevens—was born at Borough Green in the county of Kent, and married in 1822 Lieutenant-colonel Crowe of the British army. Her first literary production was a tragedy, "Aristodemus," published in 1838; and this dramatic effort was succeeded by a great number of novels which have attained no inconsiderable popularity.
CRUDEN, Alexander, author of the "Complete Concordance of the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament," was born at Aberdeen in 1701, and studied at Marischal college, with the view of entering the christian ministry. Before his studies were completed, however, his mind fell into derangement, and he was confined for some time in a private asylum. On recovering he left Aberdeen for London, where, after being for some time occupied as a private tutor, he opened in 1732 a bookseller's shop under the Royal Exchange, and employed himself at the same time as a corrector of the press. In 1733 he began to draw up the Concordance, which was published in 1737, and an improved edition of it in 1761. The first edition was dedicated to Queen Caroline, who had given the author some reason to expect her patronage of the work; but her death having occurred shortly before its publication, the author's hopes from that distinguished quarter were doomed to disappointment, and, his affairs becoming embarrassed, he withdrew from trade and fell into a state of melancholy, which was accompanied with a return of some of his former mental delusions. Imagining that he had received a divine commission to rebuke and reform an ungodly and degenerate age, he assumed the style and title of Alexander the Corrector. He continued to earn his support partly by publications of his own, and partly by superintending the works of other authors in their progress through the press. He was the author of "A Scripture Dictionary, or Guide to the Holy Scriptures," 2 vols. 8vo, which appeared at Aberdeen shortly before his death, which took place November 1, 1770. He was found dead upon his knees. The Concordance is a work of immense labour, great accuracy, and of enduring usefulness to the church of Christ. He was also the compiler of the elaborate index attached to Newton's edition of Milton. It is singular that a mind so prone to run into enthusiastic heats and fancies, should have been capable of a kind of labour at once so toilsome and so mechanical and dry.—P. L.
* CRUIKSHANK, George, a remarkable artist, born in London about 1795, the son of a caricaturist of some note in his day. His first efforts were designs for infant primers, and song-books, comic and sentimental. In the Scourge, and other like publications, he exhibited his masterly satiric talent. In 1817 he was allied with Mr. William Hone in the production of illustrated political pamphlets. In 1820 the trial of Queen Caroline furnished the satirist's pencil with ample occupation. "Non Mi Ricordo," and the "Queen's Matrimonial Ladder," reached an extraordinary number of editions. Soon after this, however, Mr. Hone discontinued his publications, and our satirist began to abandon what we may distinguish as his first or political manner. In his second manner, the genial generous humour of the artist found full room in the illustration of comic narrative. His aquatint plates for Mr. Pierce Egan's Tom and Jerry; his drawings on wood for the Three Courses and a Dessert; his etchings for Mr. Ainsworth's Jack Sheppard; for Mr. Charles Dickens' Sketches by Boz, and Oliver Twist; for Mr. Thackeray's Fatal Boots and Cox's Diary; his illustrated editions of Fielding and Smollett, and of Grimm's German Tales, are all widely known, and as excellent as they are famous. In 1843 was produced, with great success, "George Cruikshank's Omnibus," succeeded in 1845 by "George Cruikshank's Table Book," of which Mr. Gilbert à Beckett was the editor. In many of these plates, the delicate manipulation of the etching needle is carried to a height hardly to be matched in the whole range of the art. From about 1847 may be traced Mr. Cruikshank's third manner; in which he sought to be less the critic and the satirist than the moral teacher. Mr. Cruikshank had joined the temperance movement. He published a series of plates called the "Bottle," advocating his peculiar views with Hogarthian energy and power. These met with an extraordinary success, and the "Bottle" was dramatized at every minor theatre. The "Drunkard's Children" followed with less success. Among the oil paintings he has produced, are his "Tam o' Shanter;" "Runaway Knock;" "Cinderella;" and "Disturbing the Congregation," the last purchased by the prince consort, and engraved. Finally, it may be stated, that Mr. Cruikshank is no less excellent as a man, than he is admirable as an artist.—W. T.
CRUIKSHANK, W. Cumberland, a celebrated surgeon of the last century, better known, perhaps, for his reputation as an anatomist and physiologist. He was born in Edinburgh in the year 1745. He was originally intended for the church, but this did not accord with his own views, and he was allowed to study medicine under the direction of Dr. Moore for three years. About this time Dr. William Hunter was in want of an anatomical assistant, and, through Dr. Moore's representations, Mr. Cruikshank was chosen. He therefore arrived in London in 1771, and was immediately appointed by Dr. Hunter to the care and arrangement of his library and museum. In a little time he was associated with Dr. Hunter in his lectures, which he gave with great success; and, at his death, he became connected with the highly esteemed Dr. Baillie. In addition to his anatomical engagements he had an extensive private practice. He attended Dr. Samuel Johnson, the great lexicographer and moralist, in his last illness. Mr. Cruikshank enjoyed the intimacy of most of the literary men of his day, and merited their esteem. His conversation was peculiarly brilliant and delightful. He died on the 27th June, 1800. In 1797 he was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society. He also received an honorary degree from the university of Glasgow, and was a member of the Imperial Academy of Vienna. His publications, though few in number, are of intrinsic value. In 1786 Mr. Cruikshank published the work upon which his professional merit rests, and one which fairly takes its position among the standard volumes of medical science. This was entitled "The Anatomy of the Absorbing Vessels of the Human Body." A second edition, with many additions, was published in 1790. It has been translated into French, Italian, and German. In 1798 appeared an octavo volume "Experiments on the Insensible Perspiration of the Human Body, showing its affinity to Respiration."—E. L.
CRUM, Walter, an eminent British chemist, was born in Glasgow in 1796. Though actively engaged as a partner in one of the most extensive bleaching and calico-printing establishments in Scotland, he made a number of valuable contributions to the science of chemistry. His Memoir on Indigo, published in 1823, placed him at an early age in a distinguished
