merchant vessel trading to the West Indies, of which his uncle was captain. He soon, however, returned to his own country, and practised in the parish of Shotts, a region proverbial even in Scotland for bleakness and poverty. In the year 1734, and three following years, he attended the medical classes of Edinburgh, where he distinguished himself. In 1736 he commenced practice as a surgeon in Hamilton, and was very successful in his treatment of the duke of Hamilton, whose friendship and good offices he thus secured for the rest of his life. It was at this time that Cullen became acquainted with William Hunter. In 1740 Cullen took the degree of M.D. at Glasgow, and in 1744 commenced giving lectures there on the practice of medicine. In 1746 he began his first course of lectures on chemistry in conjunction with Mr. Carrick, and in 1756 he was called to Edinburgh to fill the chair of chemistry vacated by the death of Dr. Plumer. At the same time that he lectured on chemistry he also gave lectures on clinical medicine at the Royal Infirmary. In 1763 the professor of materia medica in the university, Dr. Alston, died, and Cullen was s uddenly called upon to deliver his course, which he did with great success. These lectures having been published by some of his pupils, induced him subsequently to give to the world his great work entitled "A Treatise of the Materia Medica," which was published in 2 vols. 4to, in 1789. On the death of Dr. Whyte in 1766, Cullen was appointed to the chair of institutes, or theory of medicine. It was in this chair that he began to attract attention by the novelty of his views with regard to the functions of the nervous system. Although at the present day little that Cullen held could be regarded as conclusive, yet he grasped many of the fundamental facts of nervous physiology. He distinguished between the functions of the nerves of sensation and motion, and dwelt upon the nervous system as the seat of all psychological manifestations. Upon his physiological views he built up his great pathological doctrine of excitement and collapse, which formed the basis of his subsequent teachings in the chair of practical medicine. To this chair Cullen was appointed on the death of Dr. Rutherford in 1768. He did not, however, occupy it at first alone. He and Dr. Gregory were both candidates for the vacant chair, which resulted in a friendly compromise, by which each was to fill the chair of practical and theoretical medicine alternately. On the sudden death of Dr. Gregory in 1773, Cullen became the sole professor of the practice of medicine. From the time that Cullen began to lecture on the institutes of medicine his reputation gradually increased, and he drew to the university of Edinburgh students from all parts of the world. In 1777 he published his great work in 4 vols. 4to, entitled "First Lines of the Practice of Physic." In this work the mental training he had undergone was made evident in the introduction of views on the nature and treatment of disease, much simpler, and truer to nature than any that had hitherto been published. He had previously, in 1769, published a work on the classification of diseases, with the title, "Synopsis Nosologiæ Methodicæ," and his first lines may be regarded as a more complete exposition of the views of the nature of disease he had laid down in this remarkable work. Dr. Cullen resigned his professorship of medicine in 1789. He died on the 5th of February, 1790, leaving behind him only a small fortune, but an imperishable name.—E. L.
CULPEPPER, Nicholas, an English astrologer and herbalist, was born in London in 1616, and died there in 1654. He wrote a curious herbal, in which he describes the qualities of plants, more especially in an astrological point of view.—J. H. B.
CUMBERLAND, Richard, dramatic author, novelist, and poet, was born on the 19th of February, 1732, in the master's lodge of Trinity college, Cambridge, at that time the official residence of his maternal grandfather, Dr. Bentley. In his sixth year he was placed at the Bury St. Edmund's grammar school; at the age of twelve was removed to Westminster school, where Vincent Bourne was then usher of the fifth form, and where he had for schoolfellows Warren Hastings, Colman, and Lloyd; and two years afterwards became an under-graduate of Trinity college, Cambridge. Soon after taking his B.A. degree, he was elected to a fellowship of his college. This was brilliant success for a boy only eighteen years of age. Young as he was, Richard Cumberland almost immediately after obtaining his fellowship became the private secretary of the earl of Halifax, through whose interest he subsequently obtained the post of crown agent for the province of Nova Scotia. As Ulster-secretary he afterwards accompanied Lord Halifax to Dublin, and in Dublin was offered a baronetcy by his patron. This dignity he declined, and from that date his influence with Halifax waned and speedily came to an end. On leaving Ireland he was appointed clerk of the reports in the office of trade and plantations, and some time afterwards was advanced to be secretary of the board of trade. In 1780 he was sent on a secret mission to endeavour to draw Spain away from the French interest; but the result of his diplomacy was the reverse of success, and in 1781 he was recalled under circumstances peculiarly calculated to wound his sensitiveness. The expenses of his mission, amounting to no less than £5000, Lord North's ministry declined to refund; and the unfortunate man, in order to satisfy the demands of his creditors, was compelled to part with his paternal estate. Soon after this Burke's economy bill broke up the board of trade, and Cumberland was compensated for the abolition of his post by a small pension. On this disastrous conclusion to his official career he retired to Tunbridge Wells, and for the remaining thirty years of his life devoted himself to literature. He had been an author from his earliest manhood, and from first to last his pen was alike versatile and productive. He gave the world at least thirty dramatic performances, including operatic pieces, tragedies, and comedies, several of which kept the stage for a time. Besides his dramatic writings, Cumberland was author of other but dull and now forgotten works. He wrote farther the "Memoirs of Richard Cumberland," for which the author obtained £500, and in which he gossips, with a garrulity and magnificence truly amusing, of himself, his family, his genius, and his writings. He died in London on the 7th of May, 1811. As a man Cumberland was much more admirable than as a writer; he was generous to an extreme, punctiliously honourable. Vanity, however, was his weakness, and irritability his failing. He was the original of Sheridan's Sir Fretful Plagiary in the Critic.—J. S.
CUMBERLAND, William Augustus, duke of Cumberland, one of the princes of the English blood-royal, was the third son of George II., and was born in 1721. He selected the military profession, and became conspicuous for his extraordinary courage, rather than for his professional skill. He was wounded fighting by his father's side at the battle of Dettingen in 1743, and was defeated at Fontenoy by Marshal Saxe. He had a better fate, however, in his campaign against Prince Charles Stuart in Scotland, whom he defeated at Culloden in 1746. But he tarnished the glory of his victory by his shocking cruelty to the vanquished Highlanders, which procured him the well-earned name of the Butcher. The duke was again defeated in 1747 by Marshal Saxe at the battle of Lawfield. In 1757 he was equally unfortunate at Hastenbeck against Marshal d'Estrees, and was compelled to conclude the convention of Closterseven, surrendering his army to the enemy. The duke died in 1765, and though during the greater part of his career he had been exceedingly disliked by the people, the state of public affairs caused his death to be greatly lamented. He was a prince of vigorous understanding, courageous, truthful, and honourable; but his nature was hard, and what seemed to him justice was rarely tempered with mercy.—J. T.
CUNARD, Sir Samuel, Bart., was born at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1788. His father was descended from a Quaker family, who emigrated from Wales to Philadelphia early in the seventeenth century. At an early age, Samuel Cunard entered on a mercantile life, prospered remarkably, and, becoming a large shipowner, engaged in the West India trade and the South Sea whale fishery. In 1815 he contracted with the admiralty to convey the mails to Boston, St. John's (Newfoundland), and Bermuda, in connection with the old Falmouth packets, and this service he continued till his death, screw steamers being substituted in 1848 for sailing packets. In 1839, in conjunction with Messrs. Burns of Glasgow, and Messrs. Marson of Liverpool, he contracted with government to convey the American mails by steam-ships, and the regularity with which this service was performed her majesty's ministers acknowledged in 1859, by raising Cunard to the dignity of a baronet of the United Kingdom. He died on the 28th of April, 1865.—W. W.
CUNNINGHAM, Allan, was born at Blackwood, near Dalswinton in Dumfriesshire, on the 7th December, 1784. His father was factor or land-steward to Mr. Miller of Dalswinton. Allan was apprenticed to his uncle, a builder, but the scheme did not hold, probably on account of his devotion to the muses,
