under the Sultan Houssein Mirza, to abandon himself to the cultivation of poetry. He collected at Herat a splendid library, and intrusted it to the care of Khondemir. His numerous poems and notices of Persian literature, written in the dialect of the Djagatai, are preserved in the imperial library of Paris. Died at Herat in 1500, at the age of sixty.—J. S., G.
ALYM or HALYM, Gheraï, one of the Tartar khans of the Crimea, reigned three years from the death of Arslan in 1755; continued unsuccessfully the wars of his predecessors with the Nogaïs; excited by excessive imposts a revolt of his subjects, which was headed by his cousin, Kyrm Gheraï; and in October, 1758, having vainly addressed the rebels both with threats and promises, received orders from the Porte to resign his authority into the hands of his cousin. Alym enjoyed the reputation of a talented and accomplished prince.—J. S., G.
ALYON, Peter Phillip, a French botanist, born in 1758, assumed in 1794 the direction of the dispensary of Val de Grace, and some years later, that of the hospital of the imperial guard. He published an elementary treatise on botany, and several other works. Died in 1816.
ALYPIUS, a Greek musician, known as the author of an introductory treatise on music (Εισαγωγὴ μουσική), some fragments of which have been preserved, and from which we learn the old Greek notations, and have some light thrown on the subject of Greek music generally. It is very uncertain in what age Alypius lived; according to some writers he wrote before Euclid. The fragments of his work were published at Leyden in 1616, under the title, "Aristoxenus, Nicomachus, Alypius auctores Musices antiquissimi hactenus non Editi."—J. B.
ALYPIUS of Antioch, an architect, employed by Julian the Apostate towards the middle of the fourth century to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, was scared from the attempt, as he declared, by fires issuing from the ground. He was put to death some years afterwards on an accusation of practising sorcery.
ALYPIUS, Lionitas, a saint of the Romish church, born at Adrianople about a.d. 600; a severe ascetic.
ALZATE Y RAMIREZ, Joseph Anthony, a Mexican astronomer and geographer of Spanish origin, correspondent of the Academy of Sciences of Paris, to which he dedicated numerous astronomical reports, a series of letters on natural history, and several charts. Died in 1795.
AMAC or AMIK BOKHARI, Abul Naghib, a Persian poet of the eleventh century, favoured during his long life by the princes of the powerful dynasty of the Seldjoukides, became president of an academy founded by one of these, Khéder-Khan, and in that station enjoyed riches and celebrity. His elegies are admired by all readers of Persian literature.—J. S., G.
AMADE´, Ladislas, Baron d', a Hungarian poet, born in 1703; died at Felbar in 1764.
AMADEI, Girolamo, an Italian priest, professor of theology at Boulogne, and vicar-general of the order "dei servi di Maria Vergine," preached in Germany by authority against the doctrines of Luther, and published a work on the immortality of the soul, in which he denounced the reformer. Died in 1543.
AMADEI, Stefano, an Italian painter, born at Perugia in 1589, died in 1644. Although a pupil of Giulio Cesare Angeli of the Bolognese school, he rather inclined to the style of that of Florence. He also cultivated literature with success.—R. M.
AMADEO or AMADEI, Antonio, of Pavia, a sculptor of the Lombard school. He is one amongst the most skilful in treating that kind of bas-relief so peculiar to the period, and of which the facade of the Certosa of Pavia presents so many and such beautiful specimens. The monument of Bartolommeo Colleoni in the cathedral of Bergamo by this sculptor, is justly considered as one of the best works of that time.—R. M.
AMADESI, Dominique, an Italian poet, born at Boulogne; died in 1730.
AMADESI, Joseph Louis, an Italian antiquarian, keeper of the archives of the see of Ravenna; favoured by his position, he published several antiquarian treatises of great research, the most considerable of which were devoted to the elucidation of canon law. Died in 1773.
AMADEUS or AMEDEO, the name borne by nine princes of the house of Savoy.
Amadeus I., reckoned among the ancestors of the house, was the son of Humbert "of the white hand," count of Maurienne, and was living in 1030. It is uncertain whether he survived his father.
Amadeus II., was the son of Oddo, count of Maurienne and Aorta, brother of the preceding. His mother was the Marchioness Adelaide, with whom, after the death of his father and his brother, the Marquis Peter, he was associated in the government. He died before his mother, who lived till 1091.
Amadeus III., grandson of the preceding, succeeded his father Humbert II. in 1103. It is said that it was he who first assumed the title of Count of Savoy; but this much is certain, that he very widely extended his dominions. He joined his nephew, Louis VII. of France, in the unfortunate crusade undertaken by him in 1147, and never again reached his dominions, but died in Cyprus in 1148.
Amadeus IV., was the son of Thomas I., count of Savoy, whom he succeeded in 1233. Like his father, he was a firm adherent of the Emperor Frederick II., and by this policy he succeeded in gaining extended power. His niece Leonora was the queen of Henry III. of England, and his brother Peter was by that prince created earl of Richmond, and built the Savoy house in London.
Amadeus V., surnamed the Great, succeeded his father Thomas II. in 1249. By marriage and successful policy he did much to extend the power of his family, and won for it the title, F. E. R. T. (Fortitude Ejus Rhodum Tenuit), by his brave defence of Rhodes against the Turks. He died in 1323 at Avignon, whither he had gone to prevail upon the pope to preach a crusade against the Turks.
Amadeus VI., named the Green Count, succeeded his father Aymon in 1334. He was one of the most distinguished princes of his house; and by treaties with the king of France, and the patronage of the Emperor Henry IV., as well as by the almost uniform success of his arms, he nearly doubled his territories in Piedmont, and greatly extended them beyond the Alps. His device was appropriately a running stream, with the motto, "Vires acquirit eundo." He died in 1383.
Amadeus VII., named the Red Count, son and successor of the preceding, was born in 1360. In 1388 he acquired the dominion of Nice by the voice of the assembled citizens, and thus extended the territory of Savoy from the shores of Lake Leman to the Mediterranean sea. He was killed while hunting in 1391.
Amadeus VIII., styled the Pacific and the Solomon of the Age, was the son and successor of the preceding. By purchase, he added to his dominions the county of the Genevois, and several other possessions, and by the death of Louis of Savoy in 1418, his territory in Piedmont was greatly enlarged. In 1416, the Emperor Sigismund elevated Savoy into a duchy, and named Amadeus first duke. His dominions were now so considerable that he was able to take rank among the great powers of Europe; but in 1438, after the death of his wife, he formally ceded his authority into the hands of his son Louis, and retired with six of his chosen knights into a monastery at Ripaille. It does not appear, however, that he denied himself any of his former luxuries, and he seems to have left one place of power only to aim at a higher, for in 1439 the council of Basle, having deposed Eugenius IV., elected Amadeus to the popedom, under the title of Felix V. This election was not confirmed by all the powers of Europe, many of whom still adhered to Eugenius, and, after his death, another pope was chosen, and Amadeus was compelled to abdicate. He died at Lausanne in 1451.
Amadeus IX., grandson of the preceding, succeeded his father Louis in 1465. He was infirm in body, and his reign was but little distinguished, but he has won for himself a name, by his great charity. He died in 1472, and was succeeded by his son Philibert.—J. B.
AMADEUS, Victor, duke of Savoy, and first king of Sardinia. See Victor Amadeus.
AMADOR REBELLO, a Portuguese jesuit, bishop of Oporto, published an account of the labours of some of his brethren in India and China. Died in 1622.
AMADUZZI, John Christopher, an Italian philologist, born at Rimini in 1740, wrote and edited in Latin a number of historical dissertations, in which he displayed great research and some ingenuity. Died in 1792 at Rome.
AMAFANIUS, one of the earliest Latin authors who wrote on philosophy. He introduced the system of Epicurus to the notice of the Romans. We know nothing of him except through a few remarks by Cicero.
