Heidegger, and other eminent divines of France, Switzerland, and Holland, and were extensively regarded as opening a door to Arminianism and even to Pelagianism itself. Amyraut continued at Saumur till his death in 1664. His writings were very numerous, but were never collected and reprinted, so that they are now exceedingly rare. One of the latest labours of his life was the drawing up of a system of Christian morals, in 6 vols., Saumur", 1652-1660, one of the earliest works produced in this department of theology.—P. L.
AMYRTÆUS, a king of Egypt in the fifth century b.c., who was a native of Sais, a city on the Delta. Various attempts had been made by the Egyptians to throw off the Persian yoke, in one of which Amyrtæus joined the Lybian prince Inarus. Inarus, however, was defeated by treachery, and put to death by crucifixion in 456 b.c., and Amyrtæus, left to his own resources, contrived to maintain himself and his forces in Lower Egypt, and died after a reign of six years.—F.
AMYTIS, daughter of Astyages, wife of Cyrus, and mother of Cambyses.
AMYTIS, daughter of Xerxes, and wife of Megabyzus, who rendered herself infamous by her immoralities.
ANACAO´NA, surnamed Golden Flower, was the sister of Behechio, cacique or king of Xaragua, one of the kingdoms into which Hayti was subdivided at the period of its discovery by Columbus. She was the wife of Caonabo, who had entered the island and seized upon one of its kingdoms. Her husband having been treacherously captured was sent to Spain, but perished on the voyage, the ship having foundered in a storm, and Anacaona herself fell into the hands of the Spaniards, who, notwithstanding her extraordinary beauty and accomplishments, barbarously put her to death.—F.
ANACHARSIS, a celebrated philosopher, born in Scythia; brother of Kadovides, king of Scythia, and the son of Gnurus, by a Greek lady. He arrived at Athens in the 47th Olympiad, and calling upon Solon, engaged the attention of that philosopher by the vivacity of his character. He was kindly received among the Athenians for the sake of his patron, and soon became accomplished in Greek philosophy. His genius was quick and lively, his eloquence masterly and strong. He remarked that the vine produced three sorts of grape—the first of pleasure, the second of drunkenness, and the third of repentance. His diet was temperate, consisting chiefly of milk and cheese, and he constantly wore a coarse double garment. His orations were remarkable for conciseness, as though the result of inflexible resolution, and those who imitated him were said to speak in the Scythian phrase. He was a fluent writer of verses. Crœsus, the wealthy monarch of Lydia, heard of his reputation, offered him money, and sent for him to Sardis; but Anacharsis answered that he had come to Greece in order to learn the language, manners, and laws of that country; that he did not want silver or gold; and that it would be sufficient for him to return to his native land, a better man and more intelligent than when he left it. Upon his arrival at home, he attempted to change the ancient customs, and to establish those of Greece. This proved displeasing to the Scythians and fatal to himself. He had promised the mother of the gods that he would perform sacrifices to her, and establish a feast in her honour, if he returned to Scythia in safety. He entered secretly into a thick wood in order to accomplish his vow, and was performing some ceremonies with a drum or cymbal in his hand before the image of Cybele, when he was discovered by a neighbour, who went and told the king Saulius. That monarch surprised Anacharsis, and shot him dead with an arrow. Diogenes Laertius, however, says he was killed by his brother while hunting, and expired with these words on his lips—"I lived in peace and safety in Greece, whither I went to inform myself of the manners of the country, and envy has here destroyed me in my own native land." After his death numerous statues were erected to his honour. Herodotus mentions several particulars concerning him. He is said to have invented tinder, anchors, and the potter's wheel; but Strabo proves that the last is mentioned by Homer, who lived long before Anacharsis.—T. J.
ANACLE´TUS or ANENCLETUS, was an Athenian who resided at Rome, and having been converted by the Apostles, succeeded Linus as the second bishop of the Romans, and was the immediate predecessor of Clement. His episcopate is said to have continued from a.d. 78 to a.d. 91.—F.
ANACLETUS, Antipope, known as Peter the son of Peter of Leo, was the grandson of a learned and influential Jew, who had been baptized by Leo IX., and had assumed the name of that pontiff. On the death of Honorius II., in 1130, the majority of the college of cardinals elected Gregory of St. Angelo to the pontifical chair as Innocent II. This step displeased the rest of their number, who instantly elected Peter, under the title of Anacletus II. A schism ensued; Innocent fled to Pisa, but in two years obtained the support of the most powerful princes of Europe, while Anacletus was supported only by the kings of Sicily and Scotland. The contest was at last terminated by the death of Anacletus in 1138, when the authority of Innocent was universally acknowledged.—F.
ANAC´REON, a native of Teos, on the south-west coast of Asia Minor,—one of the most famous among the early lyrists of Greece. The dates of his birth and death are not exactly determined; but he flourished from about 560 to 475 b.c. On the invasion of Ionia by Harpagus, general of the elder Cyrus, he migrated to Abdera, in Thrace. Some time after, he repaired to Samos, and spent several years of his life in friendly intercourse with the tyrant Polycrates. They shared together the pleasures of the age; and, in requital for the favours of his host, Anacreon celebrated the name of the prince in some of his verses. After the death of Polycrates, the poet crossed the Ægean to Athens (b.c. 525), on the invitation of Hipparchus, who sent a fifty-oared galley to convey him. Among other acquaintanceships, he contracted there an intimacy with Simonides of Ceos,—his greatest rival on the lyre. On the overthrow of the Peisistratidæ at Athens, he returned to his native city; whence, after a sojourn of about five years, he was again driven by a new revolution. He betook himself a second time to Abdera, where, according to some accounts, he ended his long life of eighty-five years. There is, however, an epitaph ascribed to Simonides, which speaks of Anacreon having died at Teos. He is said to have been choked by a grape stone; but this looks like a fiction, invented to suit the habits of the poet. He appears to have been of an indolent temperament; the willing slave of those deities of love and wine under whose inspiration he wrote. One account, indeed, attributes to him a life opposed to the tenor of his verses. The ancients possessed five books of Anacreon,—containing hymns, elegies, epigrams, drinking songs, and erotic odes. Only a few of these compositions have escaped that monkish zeal which, at the beginning of the middle ages, consigned to destruction so many of the relics of antiquity. Of the sixty-eight poems which bear his name, the greater number are probably spurious. His genuine productions are all in the Ionic dialect, which is singularly adapted to the harmony of lyric verse. They are written in a peculiar modification of the iambic measure. His poems are characterized by great simplicity of expression, combined with a winning sweetness and exquisite melody. They are pervaded by a delicate sense of the beautiful, as well as a keen relish for the luxuries of life. There have been numerous imitations and translations of Anacreon; among the best of which are those of Cowley and Moore. His name has been applied to the amorous and drinking songs of every language; but few in any tongue possess the dignity and grace of the "Teian Muse."—J. N.
ANAFESTUS, Paoluccio, the first Doge of Venice, elected in 697, when the tribunes or chiefs of the Venetian isles agreed to unite themselves into a republic under a single governor. He died in 717.
ANAGNOSTES, Joannes, a Thessalonian who lived in the first half of the fifteenth century, and wrote a narrative of the capture of Thessalonica by the Turks in 1430. Upon the invitation of Amurath II. he returned to his native city, from which he had fled when it fell into the conqueror's hands; but in the course of two years he was deprived of his whole property by confiscation. The date of his death is uncertain.—F.
ANAN, Ben Shophet, a rabbin who lived in the third century of the Christian era, and is presumed to have been the author of the Hebrew treatises called "The Greater Order of Elijah," and "The Lesser Order of Elijah," printed originally at Venice by Zanetti, a.d. 1598.
ANAN, Ben David, a learned rabbin who lived about the middle of the eighth century, and is said by R. Mordecai to have written a work on the Pentateuch. He is celebrated as the restorer of the Karaite doctrines, and as the defender of the law against the traditions of Hillel.
ANANIA SHIRACUNENSIS, an Armenian mathematician of the seventh century, surnamed "the Calculator," author of a
