work of high reputation among his countrymen, entitled "The Kalendar," comprising treatises on astronomy and astrology, mathematics and arithmetic.
ANANIA, Giovanni d', a learned Italian, who was professor of civil and canon law at Bologna, and died in 1458.
ANANIA, Giovanni Lorenzo, was a native of Taverna in Calabria. The fame of his erudition attracted the attention, and procured him the patronage of Mario Caraffa, archbishop of Naples, after whose death he retired to his native city, and spent the rest of his life in study and seclusion. He composed two very curious works—one on cosmography, and the other on the nature of demons—and died about 1582.—F.
ANANIAS or ANANIAH, the name of several individuals mentioned in the Holy Scriptures. The most ancient is known under the name of Shadrach, one of the three Hebrews who, by the order of Nebuchadnezzar, were cast into the burning furnace, because they refused to worship the graven image which he had made. Another Ananias is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles as having fallen dead at the feet of St. Peter; and a third person of the same name, referred to in the Acts of the Apostles, chap, xxiii., was high-priest of the Jews, a.d. 49.—F.
ANANIAS, the name of the messenger of king Abgarus, who was, the legends tell us, sent from Edessa into Judea to procure a portrait of Christ for the cure of the diseased monarch.
ANAPIUS and AMPHINOMUS, two brothers, natives of Catana in Sicily, honoured on account of their filial affection. During an eruption of Mount Ætna, they saved their parents by carrying them away on their shoulders, and we are told that the flames spared them, while others around were consumed.
ANARAWD or ANAROD was a Welsh prince, a contemporary of Alfred the Great. He succeeded his father, who had fallen in a battle with the Saxons in 876, and died in 913.
ANASCO, Juan d', a native of Seville, who lived in the earlier part of the sixteenth century, and was one of the ablest leaders of the Spanish expedition to Florida in 1539-43.
ANASTASIA, Saint, a Roman lady of noble birth, who was the wife of Publius, the ambassador of the Emperor Diocletian to the court of Persia, and who, having professed herself a Christian, was burnt to death at Sirmium in 303, the year in which Diocletian issued his edict against the Christians. Two letters which she wrote from prison to St. Chrysogonus, a confessor, are still extant. Two other female martyrs of the same name are mentioned in the early history of the church—one of whom had been converted by Peter and Paul, and was beheaded by order of Nero; the other suffered death at Sirmich, in Illyria.—F.
ANASTASIUS. Four popes bore this name:—Anastasius I., a native of Rome, succeeded Siricius in 398 or 399. It was during his pontificate that St. Chrysostom, St. Augustine, and St. Jerome flourished, and several important councils of the church were held. St. Anastasius was a zealous opponent of the doctrines of Origen, which he condemned in his work Περὶ αρχων, which procured him a high encomium from St. Jerome. He died a.d. 401.—Anastasius II., a Roman, who succeeded Gelasius in 496. He spent his brief pontificate in the vain endeavour to determine the disputes which disturbed the Eastern and Western churches, and died 498.—Anastasius III., elected in 911, ruled for two years.—Anastasius IV., a Roman, whose name was Conrad, and who was bishop of Sabina and a cardinal, succeeded Eugenius in the papal chair in 1153. He was of advanced age at the period of his election, and held the see only a year and a half. Anastasius, Antipope, was cardinal of St. Marcellus, and although protected by the emperors Lothaire and Louis in 855-6, in his opposition to Benedict III., was at last withdrawn by his patrons from the hopeless contest.—F.
ANASTASIUS, the name of two emperors of the East:—
Anastasius I. was born of an obscure family at Dyrrachium in Epirus, about a.d. 430. Very little is known of his early history; but at the advanced age of sixty, he occupied a humble post in the imperial household. He must, however, have possessed considerable talent; for, on the death of the Emperor Zeno in 491, he successfully opposed the design of Longinus, the late emperor's brother, to ascend the throne; and having succeeded in gaining the hand of Ariadne, the widowed empress, found himself suddenly invested with imperial power. Being a Eutychian, he found it impossible to persuade the Patriarch Euphemius to crown him, until he signed the confession of his faith according to the council of Chalcedon. Immediately after the accession of Anastasius, Longinus rose in rebellion; but after causing great trouble for a period of seven years, he was at length seized, and put to death. A few years afterwards, a dangerous war with Persia occurred, causing a vast loss of life and treasure. At the same time the domestic tranquillity of the empire was disturbed by civil and religious troubles, chiefly arising from the emperor's animosity against the adherents of the orthodox faith, whom he persecuted with unrelenting severity, although he had originally professed their principles. Anastasius died in 518, having survived Ariadne three years. He was succeeded in the throne by Justin I.
Anastasius II., born about the middle of the 7th century, was secretary to the Emperor Philippicus, on whose deposition, in 713, he was raised to the throne. On his accession, he punished the conspirators who had dethroned Philippicus, and appointed Leo the Isaurian, afterwards emperor, the commander of his armies. Anastasius was a man of great integrity, as well as experience in civil and military affairs; but the incapacity and unfaithfulness of his officers, rendered him unable to retain his position. After a brief reign, he was deposed in 716, and retired to a monastery in Thessalonica. Having endeavoured to recover the throne, he was put to death by Leo, his former general, a.d. 719.—F.
ANASTASIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, was secretary to the Patriarch Germanus, whom he contrived to supplant, and, by the patronage of the Emperor Leo the Isaurian, attained the patriarchate in 730. He died in 753.
ANASTASIUS, Saint, a name assumed by Ashic, a monk, who accompanied Adalbert, bishop of Prague, into Bohemia. He was appointed by Stephen of Hungary to the see of Colocza, and has been called the Apostle of Hungary. Died in 1044.
ANASTASIUS, surnamed Bibliothecarius, a Roman abbot and cardinal in a.d. 848, was librarian of the Vatican, and translated several Greek works on history and biography into Latin. Although he possessed considerable learning, his Latinity is rude and barbarous. He is supposed to have died about 886.
ANASTASIUS, Olivier De St., a Carmelite monk, whose real name was De Crock, born early in the 17th century, author of several religious works and poems. Died in 1674.
ANASTASIUS CASSINENSIS, a monk of Monte Cassino, who was librarian to Pope Stephen III.
ANASTASIUS PALÆSTINUS, a native of Palestine or Antioch, who lived in the eleventh century, and was author of a work on fasting, and on the seven weeks of Lent.
ANASTASIUS SINAITA, the name of several ecclesiastical writers who were monks of Mount Sinai. Of these, four may be mentioned: The first was Anastasius Sinaita, the elder, who was patriarch of Antioch about 561, and died in 599; the second was his immediate successor in the see of Antioch; another flourished during the seventh century; and a fourth was patriarch of Antioch in 629, and died in 649.
ANATOLIUS, bishop of Laodicea, was an Alexandrian, born about a.d. 230. In the various branches of science, he greatly surpassed all his contemporaries, and was the first Christian who taught the philosophy of Aristotle. He appears to have held the see of Laodicea from a.d. 270 to a.d. 282.
ANATOLIUS, a Platonic philosopher, one of the tutors of Iamblichus, who lived towards the end of the third century.
ANATOLIUS, patriarch of Constantinople from 449 to 458, who presided at the Council of Constantinople in 450, in which the Eutychian heresy was condemned.
ANATOLIUS, a Greek jurist, a native of Berytus, who lived in the first half of the sixth century, and had the honour to assist in the compilation of the Pandects of Justinian: he is said to have lost his life during an earthquake.
ANATOLIUS VINDANIUS, a native of Berytus, who wrote in Greek a treatise on agriculture, in twelve books, called Συγγραφὴ Γεωργικῶν. He died a.d. 360.
ANAXAGORAS, born at Clazomenœ in Ionia, in the seventieth Olympiad; died in exile at Lampsacus, at the age of seventy-two. The public life of this illustrious person—or rather his relations to the state of Athens—constitute one of those painful incidents in Athenian history which have been pled over and over again in depreciation of that memorable democracy. The condemnation of Anaxagoras for the alleged crime of impiety, and the commutation of punishment from that of death to banishment—an act of mercy due to the friendship of Pericles—are indeed worthy to be placed alongside of the trial and sentence of Socrates: it appears, nevertheless, that the popular mind was exasperated, in this case, not only by appre-
