in philosophy. In geometry, for instance, we could not recognize any theory of the Mean. The results of its inquiries are absolute. And why should not the results of philosophical science be absolute also? The difference is this: the foundations or first principles of geometry are clear, and our list of them is exhaustive. Not so as yet in philosophy; but the true remedy is in no theory of the Mean; it is in the renewed search after absolute first principles, renewed efforts to define these, and to survey the entire territory wherein alone they can be found. Pantheism, Materialism, Scepticism,—every extreme is faulty, not because it is an extreme, but because the conclusions of each spring out of the neglect of facts and truths eternal as the human reason. Ancillon failed in discerning this momentous truth; and his theory of the Mean, narrowly scrutinized, might confound itself with a scepticism which assuredly the author did not feel. It is sufficiently clear, too, that he had not thoroughly mastered the writings of the great men of antiquity; he did not know how utterly Plato and Aristotle alike, had demolished many of the difficulties which he simply evaded. Nevertheless, it must be conceded to him that his philosophical writings exercised a beneficial general influence on the side of that reaction towards spiritualism, which has distinguished the more recent portion of the last half century. These writings are,—"Melanges de Litterature et de Philosophie," 2 vols., 1809; "Essais Philosophiques," 2 vols., 1817; "Nouveaux Essais de Politique et de Philosophie," 2 vols., 1824; "Mediateur entre les extremes," 1828 and 1831.—J. P. N.
ANCINA, Giovanni Giovenale, bishop of Saluzzo, was born at Fossano in Piedmont in 1545; died 1604.
ANCONA, Ciriaco d', an Italian antiquary, born at Ancona about 1391, who under the patronage of Pope Eugenius IV., Cosmo de Medici, and other persons of influence, travelled through many of the countries of the East, in search of MSS., medals, inscriptions, &c. Some of his published works have been highly eulogized. Died at Cremona about 1450.
ANCORA, Gaetano d', an antiquarian, born at Naples in 1757, who was secretary to the king, and professor of Greek in the university of his native city. His works on antiquarian subjects have been highly spoken of. Died 1816.
ANCUS MARTIUS, the fourth king of Rome, grandson of Numa, and successor of Tullus Hostilius. During the reign of Ancus Martius, according to Livy, the Romans gained important victories over the Latins, and extended their territory to the sea coast, founding Ostium at the mouth of the Tiber. The inhabitants of many of the conquered Latin towns were removed to Rome, where they received the rights of citizenship, and had Mount Aventine assigned them to build upon, while the Mons Janiculus was being for the first time united to the other part of the town by a bridge erected on piles, the Pons Sublicius. An Etrurian immigration would also appear to have established itself in Rome during the reign of Ancus, headed by the Lucumo, Lucius Tarquinius. As the ordering of the religious ritual for the time of peace is ascribed to Numa, so the laying down of the proper ceremonies to be observed in entering upon a war, is attributed to Ancus Martius. At his death he committed the guardianship of his two sons to Tarquinius, who was afterwards chosen king. The dates assigned to the reign of Ancus, are from 640 b.c. to 616 b.c.—A. M.
ANDALA, Ruard, a Dutch philosopher and theologian, born 1665, died 1727. After discharging the duties of the pastorate in various places, he was made professor of philosophy in the university of Franeker, but afterwards passed from the chair of philosophy to that of theology. Andala was an ardent admirer of Descartes. His principal works, as given in the "Nouv. Biog. Universelle," are these:—"Dissertationes Academicæ in Philosophiam Primam et Naturalem," Franeker, 1709, 4to; "Syntagma Theologico-physico-metaphysicum, Complectens Compendium Theologiae Naturalis, Paraphrasin in Principia Philosophiæ Renati Descartes, ut et Dissertationum Philosophicarum Heptada," Franeker, 1711, 4to; "Dissertationum Philosophicarum Pentas," Franeker, 1712, 4to; "Cartesius verus Spinosismi eversor et Physicæ Experimentalis Architectus," Franeker, 1719, 4to; and "Verklaring Van de Openbaringe Von Johannes," Leeuwarden, 1716, 4to,—a commentary on the Revelation of St. John.—A. M.
ANDERLONI, Pietro, an Italian engraver of great eminence, born at Santa Eufemia, near Brescia, in 1784, died at Milan in 1849. He was son of Faustino (himself a distinguished engraver), and pupil both of his father and of Cavalier Longhi, whom he succeeded as professor at the academy of Milan. Upon the death of Longhi, Pietro Anderloni ranked with Toschi and Garavaglia as one of the three best engravers of Italy. Amongst the many works he executed, the "Heliodorus" and the "Attila," after Raphael's pictures in the Vatican, stand foremost. Many highly distinguished engravers have proceeded from the school of Anderloni, a great correctness of drawing and purity of style being its chief qualities.—R. M.
ARDERNE, James, dean of Chester in the reign of Charles II. He died in 1691, and bequeathed his books and great portions of his estates to the foundation of a cathedral library for the use of the clergy.
ANDERSEN or ANDRECE, Laurence, born in 1480, was chancellor of Gustavus Vasa, king of Sweden, and archdeacon of Upsal. He was a man of great learning and ability, and acted an important part in promoting the Reformation in Sweden. He is said to have been the first translator of the Bible into Swedish. Died 1552.
* ANDERSEN, Hans Christian, one of the principal living litterateurs of Denmark, was born at Odensee in the island of Funen, on the 2nd April, 1805. His father, who was a shoemaker, was a somewhat remarkable man—amiable and affectionate in disposition, rather freethinking in his opinions, and fonder of reading and solitary reverie than of his business, in which he was not successful. Little Hans was piously and even superstitiously brought up by his mother, of whom, as he himself tells us, he has given a portrait in the person of old Domenica in the "Improvisatore," and also in the Fiddlers mother in "Only a Fiddler." After the father's death, which occurred while Hans was still very young, she supported herself and her only child by going out to wash. In the meantime the little boy, who had no relish for the out-of-door sports of his equals, remained solitary at home, reading, or playing with a little puppet-theatre which his father, a man ingenious in such things, had made for him. The young poet had a passion for this kind of amusement, and used to compose childish comedies for his puppet characters, a practice which procured him from the other boys the nickname of "Playwright." His regular education all the while was of the most slender description; after his father's death, the poor mother could send her boy only to a charity school. Young Andersen's passion for reading, however, his talent for reciting dramatic pieces, and his remarkably powerful, clear, and musical voice, had already brought him into notice in his native town, and he was sometimes invited into families of the upper classes to exhibit his talents: still no material aid was extended to him. His mother wished to apprentice him to a tailor, but the boy's literary and theatrical tastes, fostered by what he had heard people say of his fine voice and recitative powers, were already too strong to allow of his settling down to a handicraft. When Hans was about his fourteenth year, he had managed to be present at a number of representations given in Odensee by part of the company of the Theatre-Royal, Copenhagen, and even to get upon the stage in the character of page. From this time, it became a fixed idea with him that he must go to Copenhagen, where his talent for recitation, and fine soprano voice, were to procure him a connection with the Theatre-Royal. "What will become of thee in the great city?" asked the poor mother. "I will become famous," replied the boy. Hans Andersen was but fourteen when he left his native island and native town to seek his fortune in Copenhagen, where he arrived in September, 1819, with ten dollars in his pocket.
The poor youth's first attempts to obtain a situation in connection with the Royal Opera, were, as might have been expected, ludicrous and painful failures, and Andersen, completely dispirited, was on the point of making his way home again; when, having procured admission to Siboni, an Italian maestro, at that time director of the Royal Musical Conservatory, the boy so interested him and a number of gentlemen who chanced to be in his house, that they took him under their protection. A small sum was subscribed for his support, and Siboni was to cultivate his voice, with a view to his becoming a singer in the Opera. After he had been three-quarters of a year under Siboni, his voice broke, and its musical qualities disappeared. The maestro advised him to go home and learn a trade; but some of his patrons continued to take an interest in him, more particularly Weyse the composer, and the poet Guldberg. The latter,
