circumstances could shake. Although promoted by the Superiors of his Society,—who have ever known that flattery is a more certain salvation against heresy than violence—André retained although he did not feel it necessary to avow his convictions; only remaining suspiciously passive during that Anti-Cartesian war, of which in Jesuit language the issue must be, the destruction of Descartes, or the ruin of religion, of the society, and the church. Suspected of the authorship of a pamphlet reflecting on the conduct of his order, André's papers were searched, and to the horror of his superiors, they found among them the MSS. of an admiring life of Malebranche. André was sent to the Bastile,—flattery having quite failed. Unhappily force succeeded, for the rebellious father made every submission to his superiors. The days of Jesuit ascendancy, however, were happily numbered; and André passed the latter years of his long life in contemplation and peace. He wrote much. Chiefly distinguished by his treatise on the Beautiful, he has left many other writings replete with interest. See, as above, the volume edited by Cousin. Persecution had not taught him intolerance. He was one of the earliest in France who succeeded in penetrating to the root of our reciprocal obligations. His opinions were for the most part those of his friend Malebranche. He did not appreciate Bacon, he disliked Locke, and he wholly undervalued Spinoza. Still, his writings will always be read by students of the history of philosophy: they throw no slight light, also, on the condition, at that epoch, of thought and morality in France.—J. P. N.
ANDREA, Alessandro d', an Italian litterateur, born at Barletta in Naples in 1519, author of a historical work entitled "Delia Guerra di Compagna di Roma e del regno di Napoli nel Pontificato di Pælo IV., l'anno 1556 et 1557."
ANDREA of Cyrene, the leader of a Jewish revolt in the second century, who, after committing frightful atrocities, was defeated by Martius Turbo.
ANDREA DA PISA or ANDREA PISANO, one of the greatest amongst the early Italian sculptors and architects, was born at Pisa in 1270. Having, by the study of nature and through the example of the antique, freed himself from the formal German influence which had crept into the school of Nicola and Giovanni Pisani, Andrea rose to so great a fame that the Florentines invited him to their city to carry out the designs of the great Giotto for the façade of Santa Maria del Fiore. He so fully succeeded in giving satisfaction to his employers, that they presented him with the freedom of the city, and intrusted him with all the public works of the day. The most important of those he carried out are part of the fortifications of Florence, the fort of Scarperia at the Mugello, the decorations of the Campanile of Santa Maria del Fiore, and the tabernacle of San Giovanni, but, above all, the bronze gates of the central entrance of the Baptistery. These were afterwards removed to the side entrance, to make room for the still greater wonder—the gates by Ghiberti. Nor were his labours limited to the embellishing and enriching of Florence, as he worked also for San Marco of Venice, for the Baptistery of Pistoja, &c. He was, moreover, a good painter, a distinguished poet, and an excellent musician. Died at Florence in 1345, the object of universal love and admiration, leaving a worthy successor in his son Giovanni (called Nino). See Nino Pisano.—R. M.
ANDREA D'ASSISI, surnamed L'Ingegno, an Italian painter, who was rather the companion and assistant of Perugino than his pupil. They worked long together, and Andrea adhered to Perugino's manner in its severest form. Born 1470; died 1555.—R. M.
ANDREA DE CIONE or ANDREA ORCAGNA. See Orcagna.
ANDREA DEL SARTO. See Vannuechi.
ANDREA DI CASTAGNO, a Tuscan painter, born 1406, died 1480. Having painted on the walls of the Podestà at Florence the execution of the archbishop of Pisa and his confederates in the conspiracy of the Pazzi, he was surnamed Andrea Degli Impiceati. He was pupil of Masaccio, and one of the best and most active painters of the time. But a dreadful spot hangs over his name. Whilst working with Domenico Veneziano in one of the chapels of Santa Maria Novella, he became aware of Domenico's knowledge of the use of oil colours. Feigning friendship, Andrea possessed himself of poor Domenico's secret, and then murdered him. The horrid deed remained unexplained until Andrea confessed it on his deathbed.—R. M.
ANDREA DI JACOPO D'OGNIBENE, an Italian sculptor in metals, of the 14th century, completed in 1316 the bas-relief for the altar of San Jacopo of Pistoja, representing fifteen subjects from the life of Christ, a work of remarkable ingenuity.
ANDREA, Giovanni (Bossi), an Italian bishop of the 15th century, librarian and secretary to Sextus IV.
ANDREA GOBBO or ANDREA DEL SOLARI, a Milanese painter, who flourished about 1530. He belonged to the school of Gaudenzio Ferrari, and was noted as a good colourist.
ANDREA, Onofrio d', a Neapolitan poet of the seventeenth century.
ANDREÆ, Abraham, the thirty-third archbishop of Upsal, was born in Angermannland, became rector of the university of Stockholm, opposed King John in his attempts to re-establish Romanism, lived thirteen years in exile, was recalled and raised to the primacy on the accession of Sigismund, but was finally deposed and imprisoned in Gripsholm. Died in 1607.—J. W. S.
A´NDREÆ, Giovanni, a writer on canon law, who was born at Musello, near Florence, in 1275, and died in 1347.
ANDREÆ or ANDRESSON, Gudmund, an Icelandic author, born at Biard, wrote a work in favour of polygamy and concubinage. He died in 1654 at the early age of twenty-four.
ANDREÆ, Jacob, a celebrated Lutheran divine of the sixteenth century, was born 25th March, 1528, at Waiblingen in Wurtemberg. His father was a smith, which led to his being sometimes called by his contemporaries Schmidlin or Fabricius. Having studied at Stuttgard and Tübingen, he was in 1549 admitted deacon at Stuttgard; in 1552 he became superintendent in Göppingen; and in 1562 he rose to be provost of St. George's. Tübingen, and chancellor of the university, in which offices he continued till his death, on 7th June, 1590. He was one of the ablest reformers and theological writers of his time, and is remembered as the principal author of the "Formula Concordiæ," one of the standard documents of the Lutheran church, by which he hoped to stifle the approximate Calvinism which had sprung up in that church from the teaching of Melancthon and the Melancthonian professors of Wittemberg and Leipzig. Whatever good or ill attended the introduction of that rigid formula was attributed mainly to Andreæ. It proved anything but a formula of concord, and it is generally acknowledged that by this, the main work of his life, he increased rather than remedied the divisions of the protestant church. His writings were very numerous—upwards of one hundred and sixty, including sixty-six disputations—and are almost all of a polemical character, directed against Catholics, Calvinists, and Flaccians. They have now nothing more than a historical value, as exhibiting the spirit of the age in which Andreæ lived, and of its different theological schools.—P. L.
ANDREÆ, Johann Gerhard Reinhard, a Hanoverian apothecary of some eminence in science, who was commissioned by George II. to analyse the various soils of the royal domains in Hanover. He died in 1793.
ANDREÆ, Johann Valentine, a German scholar of the seventeenth century, was born 17th August, 1586, at Herrenberg in Wurtemberg, where his father, a son of the celebrated theologian, Jacob Andreæ, was Lutheran pastor and superintendent. After finishing his philosophical and theological studies in Tübingen, he travelled through Switzerland, Italy, France, and Austria,—was admitted deacon at Vaihingen in 1614, appointed superintendent in Calw in 1620, promoted to be court-preacher and ecclesiastical councillor in Stuttgard in 1639, and finally, in 1650, rose to be prelate in Bebenhausen, and, in 1654, prelate and general superintendent in Adelberg. In 1642, Augustus, duke of Brunswick, chose him to be one of his ecclesiastical councillors; and with this prince Andreæ carried on for many years an active correspondence on the spiritual affairs of his duchy. He died at Stuttgard, 27th June, 1654. He was a man of manifold culture and great learning, and far before his age in free and clear views of the moral world and the wants of mankind. Unlike his celebrated grandfather, he did not devote his strength to the interests of dogmatic theology; but, while retaining the strictness of Lutheran orthodoxy, he occupied himself in reviving practical piety and moral discipline. His lot was cast in the calamitous days of the Thirty-years' War, when not only the material, but the moral interests of the German fatherland suffered severely; and when the Lutheran church had fallen into a condition of dead orthodoxy and rigid formalism, but little calculated to restrain or heal the demoralization inseparable from a protracted war. Andreæ devoted his life and genius to the cure of these evils.
