During the disorders of the Thirty Years' War, he visited in succession every part of Europe, with the exception of Russia and Turkey; and after returning to his dominions, died in 1656.
Anhalt Dessau, Prince Leopold I. of, was born 1676, entered the army at the age of twelve, early won the reputation of a distinguished soldier, and attained the rank of field-marshal. He enjoyed the confidence of Frederic William I., and his successor Frederic II., and died in 1747.
Anhalt Dessau, Prince Leopold Maximilian of, son of the preceding, born 1700. In his youth he entered the army, and served in Hungary, being present in several of the most remarkable engagements with the forces of Turkey. He ultimately attained the rank of field-marshal, and on succeeding his father, obtained great popularity for his patriotic efforts to improve the civil institutions of his country. He died in 1751.
Anhalt Dessau, Leopold Frederic Franz, Duke of, born in 1740, entered the Prussian army at an early age, and made several campaigns under Frederic II. before he was eighteen, at which age he entered on the government of his duchy. For some years after 1763, he engaged in travelling to foreign countries; and on his return made great improvements in his dominions with respect to education, agriculture, and jurisprudence. In 1814 he lost his only son, an event which greatly clouded his remaining years. He died in 1817.
Anhalt Köthen, Louis, Prince of, was born at Dessau in 1579. In the Thirty Years' War he supported the protestant party, and was appointed, by Gustavus Adolphus, in 1631, governor of Magdeburg and Halberstadt. This prince was remarkable for his great attainments, being an accomplished Latin, Greek, and Hebrew scholar, and conversant with many of the modern languages of Europe; he was likewise the personal friend and correspondent of some of the most distinguished men of his time. The latter period of his life was entirely devoted to literary pursuits. He died in 1650.
Anhalt Köthen, Frederic Ferdinand, Duke of, was born in 1769, and in 1819 succeeded to the duchy, and died in 1830.
Anhalt Zerbst Dessau, Rodolph, Prince of, born about the year 1460, was one of the most gallant soldiers of his time, and enjoyed the friendship of Maximilian I., king of the Romans, and of the Emperor Frederick III., in whose military expeditions he took an important part. He died by poison during the Italian campaign of 1513.
Anhalt Zerbst Dessau, Joachim Ernst, Prince of, was born in 1536, succeeded his brother Charles at the age of twenty-five, and came into possession of the whole principality of Anhalt on the death of his cousin Wolfgang in 1566. He died at the age of fifty, leaving six sons.—F.
ANHALT, Antonio Gunther, Prince of, born in 1653, was present at the sieges of Grave, Oudenarde, and Philipsburg, and fought in the service of Prussia against the forces of the sultan at Vienna. Subsequently he had the command of a large army in the service of Holland and England. Died 1714.
ANIANUS, a Roman jurist, who abridged the code of Theodosius for Alaric, king of the Visigoths in Spain.
ANIANUS, an Italian priest, a native of Campania, who lived at the beginning of the fifth century. He defended Pelagianism at the council of Diospolis in 415, and made a Latin translation of some of the works of St. Chrysostom.
ANIANUS, an Egyptian monk, who lived in the first half of the fifth century, devoting himself to the study of chronography, on which, according to Syncellus, he composed a treatise.
ANIANUS, an astronomer of the fifteenth century, author of a remarkable Latin poem, entitled "Computus Manualis," in which the Julian calendar, solar and lunar cycles, moveable feasts, &c., are exhibited in hexameters.
ANIBERT, Louis Matthieu, an antiquarian and poet of France, born at Trinque-taille-lez-Arles in 1742. In addition to some poems and comedies, he composed several volumes of antiquarian memoirs, relating to the republic of Arles, and the general history of Provence. Died 1782.
ANICE´TUS, St., was bishop of Rome in a.d. 150 or 157, and suffered martyrdom in 161, under Marcus Aurelius.
ANICH, Peter, a Tyrolese peasant, born near Innspruck in 1723. Although occupied in husbandry up to his twenty-eighth year, he had exhibited marvellous talents for scientific study, which were cultivated by the assistance of the jesuits of Innspruck. At the recommendation of the professor of mathematics, the Empress Maria Theresa employed him to measure and construct a map of the Northern Tyrol. He executed this difficult and laborious task almost unaided, and with a degree of accuracy scarcely surpassed by those who enjoy the highest scientific appliances for such undertakings. Died 1766.—F.
ANICHINI, Francesco Ludovico, an engraver of gems and medals. He lived and worked at Venice about the middle of the sixteenth century. Some of his gems deserved to be honoured by the admiration of the great Michel Angelo.—R. M.
ANICIR, Abu-l-Abbas-Al-Fadl-Ibn-Hatim, an Arabian astronomer and meteorologist, who lived at the court of the caliph Al-Matadhed, about a.d. 900.
ANILÆUS and ASINÆUS, two brothers, of Jewish extraction, who lived near Babylon about a.d. 20, and raised an insurrection against Artabanus, king of Parthia.
ANIMUCCIA, Giovanni, was born at Florence in the early part of the sixteenth century. He was a fellow-student of Palestrina, Nanino, and other eminent musicians, in the celebrated school that Claude Goudimel of Burgundy established at Rome in 1540. He held the office of mæstro di capella in the pontifical chapel, in the discharge of which he produced many ecclesiastical compositions. He is said to have been the first who attempted to make music a medium for the expression of the sentiment of the words to which it was set, beyond the vague principle that prevailed in the church system as adopted from the Greeks, of appropriating each mode to a special character in the general sentiment of the subject; but his distinction in the history of the musical art is more important, because more certain, as the founder of the oratorio, the class of composition that is ranked above all others as embodying the highest order of expression in the grandest, the most comprehensive, and the profoundest technical means. The origin of the oratorio is remarkably analogous with that of the Greek drama, which was also, be it remembered, the development of a religious solemnity, rising gradually from the simple hymns of the people, by means of the recitations with which Thespis interspersed these to the great classic tragedies, wherein the chorus still formed an essential part. St. Filippo Neri, for the purpose of attracting the public to the evening discourses which he delivered in the oratory of the Chiesa Nuova, had some hymns of praise, or laudi, as they were called, performed when his congregation assembled. These were set to music by Animuccia, and consisted at first of laudatory verses, that were sung in responsive alternation by the two sides of the choir, like the strophe and antistrophe of the Greek chorus, with an occasional part for a solo voice, like that of the chorus-leader; subsequently they assumed the character of dialogues; then they took the form of commentary upon a narrative from sacred story, throughout the recital of which they were interspersed; and finally were modified into the mysteries or miracles, dramatic renderings of the incidents recorded in holy writ, or of allegories illustrating its tenets, which were, for long, prevalent in church practice, but, in this case, were always accompanied with music; and, from being always performed in the oratory of the church, they soon came to be defined by the name of oratorios. It appears that no specimens remain of these crude essays of Animuccia, in the form of composition in which some of the greatest masters have produced some of their greatest masterpieces; but much of his purely ecclesiastical music is preserved in manuscript in the library of the Vatican, besides a set of madrigals and motets, which he published at Venice in 1548, and some masses which he published at Rome in 1567, from which latter Padre Martini reprinted two in his treatise on composition, as exemplary specimens of the treatment of the sixth and eighth modes. He died in 1571, and was succeeded in his appointment at St. Peter's by Palestrina, who, some authorities appear to hint, officiated for him during the last two years of his life, when, probably from illness, he may have been incapacitated for the discharge of his duties. He is as highly extolled for the purity of his life, as for the excellence of his music.—G. A. M.
ANIMUCCIA, Paolo, brother of Giovanni, and though not so eminent, he was still a musician of great merit. He held the office of maestro di capella in the church of St. John of Lateran at Rome, and composed many madrigals and motets. He stands in an honourable rank among that remarkable constellation of Italian contrapuntists, who, throughout the sixteenth century, did very much to advance the progress of music.—G. A. M.
ANISIO, Giovanni, a Neapolitan, born 1472, died 1540 known as a Latin poet under the name of Janus Anysius.
