ANSTRUTHER, Sir John, an English statesman, was born in 1753, distinguished himself as a member of the party who endeavoured to arrest the progress of the French Revolution. He died in 1811.
ANTA´LCIDAS, a Spartan, who brought about a famous treaty of peace in 387 b.c., favourable to the interests of Persia. Sparta had been engaged in an unsuccessful war against several of the other Greek states, when Antalcidas succeeded in gaining over Artaxerxes, king of Persia, to his views, and in bringing the war to an end.—J. W. S.
ANTANDROS, a brother of Agathocles tyrant of Syracuse, whom he rivalled in cruelty.
ANTAR, a hero and poet of the ancient Arabians, who lived before the epoch of Mahomet, and of whose achievements the most wonderful fables are related. He is the principal character in a voluminous romance, a portion of which was translated into English by Derrick Hamilton.
ANTELAMI, Benedetto Degli, a sculptor and architect of Parma in the twelfth century. A bas-relief by this artist in the cathedral of that city, bearing the date of 1178, shows the most decisive step of this age in the transition from the Byzantine towards the early Tuscan style.—R. M.
ANTELMI, Joseph, a writer on ecclesiastical history, who was born at Frejus in 1648, and died in 1697.
ANTELMI or ANTHELMI, Pierre, an ecclesiastic and antiquarian, who lived at Frejus in the 17th century.
ANTELMI, Pierre Thomas, a mathematician of Provence, professor at the military school, and director of the observatory, who died in 1783.
ANTE´NOR, a Trojan prince, said to have betrayed his country to the Greeks, and to have afterwards founded Padua.
ANTESIGNAN, Pierre, a philologian of Rabestein, near Albi, lived in the sixteenth century.
ANTHELMUS, NANTHELMUS, ANSELMUS, ANSELINUS, St., a prelate of Savoy, of the twelfth century.
ANTHE´MIUS, an able statesman of the Eastern empire, regent during the minority of Theodosius II., much praised for his public virtues by Chrysostom.
ANTHEMIUS, Procopius, an emperor of the West, who, after a troubled reign, was deposed, and slain by his son-in-law, Ricimer, in 472.
ANTHEMIUS, an architect of Tralles in Asia Minor, who flourished under the reign of Justinian, and built the cathedral of St. Sophia at Constantinople. He was also eminent as a mathematician and engineer, and appears to have been well acquainted with the force of confined steam, if not with some rude outline of the steam-engine.—J. W. S.
ANTHING, Karl, was governor-general of the Dutch possessions in India, and died in 1823.
ANTHOINE, Antoine Ignace, Baron D' St. Joseph, a French political economist, born in 1749, died in 1826.
ANTHOINE, François Paul Nicholas, born in 1720, became a zealous adherent of the revolution, died at Metz, 1793.
ANTHOINE, Nicolas, of Lorraine, was burnt to death in 1632, for having embraced Judaism.
* ANTHON, Charles, LL.D., was born at New York in 1797. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar of the supreme court of his native city. But classical literature was his favourite pursuit, and the reputation which he acquired as a scholar, led to his appointment as professor of languages in Columbia college. Henceforward he has devoted himself wholly to academic labours; and by the many valuable works which he has published, he has given a stimulus, not only in America, but elsewhere, to the study of the Latin and Greek classics.—W. B.
ANTHONY, Saint, the patriarch of monachism, and its founder too, unless that honour be given to Paul the Hermit, was born in the town of Coma, on the confines of the Thebais, in 251. At the age of thirty-five, after selling his property, he withdrew from the world into solitude, lived in a ruined tower among the mountains, became a severe ascetic, maintained terrible contests with troops of fiends, and sought by various mortifications to attain spiritual perfection. His fame brought crowds to visit him. The monk enjoyed visions not only of angels and devils, but of satyrs and centaurs. He lived to the long age of one hundred and four, and is the subject of extravagant eulogy by many of the fathers, such as Jerome, Chrysostom, Nazianzen, and Augustine. Two monastic establishments were formed under his patronage, and the institution rapidly spread through the ancient church. Anthony, with all his fame, was not spoiled by it, for he repudiated the honour of working miracles, and bade such as applied to him, to look to Christ. His occasional appearances at Alexandria produced an extraordinary impression. He desired to be buried in a secret place, lest a superstitious reverence should be paid to his remains. Many of his sayings which have been handed down to us, lead us in spite of his errors, and they were those of an honest self-abnegation, in the language of Neander, "to recognize in him a great soul." His life, written by Athanasius, has been transmitted to us, as well as his monastic rules, and a few discourses. The life of him just referred to, is thought by some to be spurious, and by others to be largely interpolated, but Dupin and Tillemont argue for its genuineness. His "Opuscula," in a Latin translation from the Arabic, were published at Rome in 1646.—J. E.
ANTHONY, Francis, an English physician and alchemist, was born in 1550, and died in 1623.
ANTIBOUL, Charles-Louis, born at St. Tropez about 1752, was administrator of the department of Var, and a deputy of the national convention. He was condemned for his attachment to the Girondists, and put to death in 1793.
ANTICLI´DES, a Greek historian during the reign of Alexander the Great, whose works, of which only a few fragments remain, were highly esteemed in that age.
ANTI´CO, Laurenzo, a grammarian of Lentino in Sicily, who lived about the beginning of the seventeenth century, and was the author of several works on philology.
ANTIDOTUS, an Athenian encaustic painter, pupil of Euphranor, lived about 364 b.c.
ANTI´GENES, the name of several Greek physicians, of whom one mentioned by Cœlius Aurelianus was styled Antigenes the Cleophantine. Another Antigenes is said to have lived at Rome in the second century of the Christian era.
ANTIGENES, a Greek historian, who wrote a life of Alexander the Great.
ANTIGENES, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, and one of the chiefs of the Argyraspides. After Alexander's death he became governor of Susiana, and after the defeat of Eumenes, whose partisan he was, he fell into the hands of Antigonus, and was put to death about 316 b.c.
ANTIGE´NIDAS, the name of two Theban musicians, both of whom were celebrated for their skill in playing the flute. The one was the son of Dionysius, and gave instructions to Alcibiades; the other, the son of Satyrus, had the honour of playing at the marriage festival of Iphicrates and the daughter of Cotys, king of Thrace, and of performing before Alexander when the poet Philoxenus recited his verses.—F.
ANTIGNAC, Antoine, a native of Paris, born in 1772, who devoted his leisure to poetry and singing, adopting convivial and amatory subjects. A number of his verses were inserted in periodicals at the time in which he lived, and he published separately some collections of songs and poems. Died 1823.
ANTI´GONE, the daughter of Œdipus, king of Thebes, by his mother Jocasta, whose history forms the subject of one of the tragedies of Sophocles.
ANTIGONE, a queen of Egypt, who was the second wife of Lagus, founder of the dynasty of the Ptolemies, and mother of Bernice, wife of Ptolemy I., king of Egypt.
ANTI´GONUS, Carystius, so called from his birth-place, Carystus in the island of Eubœa, was a naturalist who flourished in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, 285-247 b.c.
ANTIGONUS, surnamed Cyclops, was one of the generals of Alexander the Great, and born about the year 382 b.c. When the empire was subdivided after the death of Alexander, he established himself in Asia Minor, where he had already possessed the government of Phrygia and Lydia. He united with Antipater and Ptolemy in an endeavour to destroy Perdiccas, whose ambition led him to desire the government of Asia Minor; and after the death of Perdiccas in 321 b.c., he made continual war with Eumenes, whom he at last succeeded in defeating. The death of Antipater in 319 b.c. also favoured his ambitious schemes. Proceeding to Babylon, he compelled Seleucus to take refuge in Egypt, when a new league was formed, in which not only Seleucus, but Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander arrayed themselves against him. A furious war commenced 315 b.c., and continued for four years, when peace was concluded by a treaty, in which the confederates surrendered to him the whole of Asia, on condition that the Greek cities should remain
