ANTONINUS, an Egyptian philosopher who lived in the fourth century.
ANTONINUS, Di Forciglioni, St., an Italian theologian, was born at Florence in 1389, and died in 1459.
ANTONINUS LIBERALIS, the author of a collection of metamorphoses, or tales of mythical metamorphoses, taken from poets, and narrated in prose. Nothing is known of the author. Some conjecture that he was a Latin rhetorician in the reign of Claudius, of whom the only fact related is, that he had a bitter grudge against another rhetorician. Others, with more probability, suppose that he lived in the time of the Antonines.—J. D.
ANTONIO d'Antonio, a Sicilian painter, flourishing at Messina about 1267. He is supposed to be the founder of the family Degli Antonii, from whom Antonello da Messina was a descendant. As an artist, Antonio ranks with the Byzantine school.—R. M.
ANTONIO, Don or Dom, prior of Crato, and titular king of Portugal, born in 1531, was the son of Louis, the second son of King Emmanuel. His efforts to assert his right to the throne were opposed by Philip II. of Spain, who considered him a bastard: and although he invoked the aid of Holland, France, and England, he found it impossible to make good his claims, and died at Paris in 1595.—F.
ANTONIO de Lebrixa, a Spanish historian, born in Andalusia, 1444, who, having studied at Salamanca, was appointed by Cardinal Ximenes professor of eloquence in the university of Alcala-de-Henares; he died in 1532.
ANTONIO DA LOCATE, a Milanese sculptor of the fifteenth century, who assisted Ambrogio da Fossano in executing the celebrated façade of the Certosa, near Pavia.
ANTONIO, Margaritha or Margalitha, a Jewish rabbin of the sixteenth century, who embraced Christianity, and became professor of Hebrew at Leipzig and Vienna.
ANTONIO, Morosino, an Italian poet of the 17th century.
ANTONIO, Nicolas, knight of the order of St. James, and canon of Seville, was born in that city, a.d. 1617. He studied law at Salamanca, and filled afterwards (a.d. 1659) the office of agent-general of the Spanish king at the court of Rome. He compiled a "Bibliotheca of Spanish Writers," which was printed at Rome in the year 1672, in two vols. folio. He also published at Antwerp in 1659, in folio, a treatise, "De exilio; sive, de pœnâ, exilii, exulumque conditione et juribus." Recalled by his royal master from Rome, to fill important offices at Madrid, he acted with much discretion, and died poor in the year 1684. He exploded some of the ecclesiastical fables prevalent in his age, and is said to have brought on his memory the odium of the jesuits.—T. J.
ANTONIO, Pascal Francisco Juan Nepomuc Aniello Silvester de Bourbon, a Spanish prince, who was born in 1755, and died in 1817.
ANTONIO, Pedro, a Spanish historical painter, born at Cordova, 1614, died 1675. He was pupil of Antonio del Castillo, and was considered a good colourist. His best works are in his native town.—R. M.
ANTONIO, St., of Portugal, was born at Lisbon in 1195. Having studied at Coimbra, he entered the order of St. Francis, and devoted himself to missionary labour in Africa. He was cast by a storm on the shores of Italy, which country became the scene of his labours. He died at Padua at the age of 36, and was canonized by Gregory XI.—F.
ANTONIO, Veneziano, a distinguished painter, born at Venice in 1319, died of the plague at Florence in 1383. He was pupil of A. Gaddi, whom he soon surpassed. Envy drove him from his native city; but he found a compensation in the reception he met with in other towns. He resided and worked chiefly at Pisa and Florence. His frescos are not only noted for charm of conception, correctness of design, and harmony of colour, but also for the degree of preservation they have been able to maintain. This was attributed to some secret process of his, he being highly versed in chemistry.—R. M.
ANTONIO DA VIGGIU, a distinguished Lombard sculptor of the fifteenth century, who executed some of the best statues for the Duomo of Milan.
ANTONI´US, surnamed The Bee, a Greek monk who lived about the end of the eighth century.
ANTONIUS, Caius, second son of the orator, surnamed Hybrida, was one of the lieutenants of Sylla about the year 82 b.c. Having detached some squadrons of the army of that general, then at war with Mithridates, he plundered Achaia. Though accused of many crimes by the Greeks, Lucullus the prætor suffered him to go unpunished; but six years afterwards, Gallius and Lentulus, the censors, expelled him from the senate. Cicero calls him the brigand of the army of Sylla. Drumann (Gesch. Rom. i. p. 534) says that the name of Hybrida was given to him because he was homo semiferus, half a brute. Some writers confuse him with his nephew of the same name, who favoured the conspiracy of Catiline, and was consul with Cicero. That Caius was the son of Marcus Antonius Creticus, and therefore the grandson of the orator. Cicero, to remove perhaps a dangerous rival from Rome, gave up to him the government of Macedonia. Some years afterwards he was accused by Marcus Lælius, and sent into exile. He died broken down by misfortunes.—T. J.
ANTONIUS of Carthagena, a Spanish physician, who lived in the first half of the sixteenth century, and was physician to the dauphin of France, and professor of medicine at Alcala-de-Henares. There were two other Spanish physicians of the same name, the one called Antonius d'Aquilera, the other Antonius of Viana, who, as well as the first-mentioned, were authors of medical treatises.—F.
ANTONIUS, Gottfried, a German lawyer, born at Freudenberg in Westphalia about 1550, was chancellor and one of the founders of the university of Giessen, and the author of several works on jurisprudence. He died in 1618.
ANTONIUS, Lucius, the brother of the triumvir, had all his vices, without a single redeeming point of character, except, perhaps, courage. He was tribune of the people in the same year that Julius Cæsar died, and consul at Rome in the year u.c. 713. The interest of Fulvia, his ambitious sister-in-law, gained him a triumph on the first day of his consulship, for a pretended victory which he had achieved over some of the inhabitants of the Alps. In the life of Mark Antony, we find her inducing Lucius to take up arms against Octavius Cæsar, with the intention of overthrowing the triumvirate. He was forced by famine to surrender at Perusium with 300 men, and afterwards liberated by the clemency or the policy of the conqueror. How he died is uncertain; some affirm that he was slain at the shrine of Julius, as having been one of his enemies.—T. J.
ANTONIUS, Ludovicus, professor of medicine at Coimbra, was a native of Lisbon, and the author of a variety of learned works relating to his profession. He died in 1547.
ANTONIUS, Marcus, a celebrated Roman orator, the grandfather of the triumvir, was born 143 b.c. He was quæstor in Asia in 113, prætor in 104, proconsul in Cilicia, with a commission to put down piracy, consul at Rome in 99, and finally censor in 97. His eloquence, according to Cicero, rendered Italy the rival of Greece. He was renowned for his pathos. Aristocratic in his views and sympathies, he espoused the cause of Sylla during the civil wars, and fell a victim to the proscription of Marius and Cinna, when they seized on Rome in the year 87, b.c. His head was exposed on the tribune, which had often rung with his orations. He wrote a treatise, no longer extant, "De ratione dicendi," which is noticed by Cicero and Quinctilian.—T. J.
ANTONIUS, Marcus, commonly called Mark Antony, was grandson of Antonius the orator, who took the aristocratic side in the wars of Marius and Sylla, and was put to death by the former. He was born about the year 670 a.u.c. His mother, Julia, belonged to the family of the Cæsars. Her second husband, Cornelius Lentulus, was put to death by order of Cicero, in the year of his consulship, for having taken part in the Catiline conspiracy, and the fate of his stepfather is said by Plutarch to have been the original ground of the rooted feeling of animosity which Antony ever harboured towards the great orator.
Antony seems very early to have fallen into habits of dissipation and excess, chiefly through the example of his friend Curio. When the connection between them was broken off by Curio's father, Antony repaired to Greece, and studied oratory at the famous schools of Athens. The instructions be then received he knew how to put in practice on several critical occasions in his after life with remarkable success. He served his first campaign under Gabinius in Syria and Egypt, and in the course of it gave eminent proofs of courage and military skill. Upon returning to Rome, he was elected tribune of the people and augur. Having joined the party of Cæsar against Pompey, he was compelled by those of the opposite faction to leave Rome,
