and resort to Cæsar's camp. Partly through his instigation Cæsar crossed the Rubicon, and commenced the civil war. In the campaign which followed, and which was terminated by the defeat of Pompey at Pharsalia, Antony played a distinguished part. After the battle, Cæsar was appointed dictator, and sent Antony, as his master of the horse, to undertake the government of Rome. While thus engaged, he indulged in scandalous debauchery and excess of every kind, so as to incur the displeasure of Cæsar. Antony seems to have stood in awe of his great chief, and the knowledge of his displeasure checked him in his profligate career. At this period he married Fulvia, the ambitious widow of the demagogue Clodius. After the murder of Cæsar, 42 b.c., Antony was at first in favour of measures of pacification; but finding that the party of the conspirators was not so strong as he had supposed, and imagining that if Brutus were removed he could easily seize the supreme power for himself, he changed his tactics, and made the celebrated inflammatory speech to the people over the body of Cæsar, which Shakspeare has so wonderfully reproduced in his play of Julius Cæsar. This policy answered for a while, but soon a new competitor appeared on the stage in Octavius, Cæsar's heir and grand-nephew. After trying the chances of war with doubtful result, they came to an understanding, the result of which was the formation of the second triumvirate, consisting of Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus, and a general proscription of their political opponents, in which Cicero fell a victim to the long-cherished hatred of Antony. The triumvirs then turned their arms against Brutus and Cassius, who, being defeated in the battle of Philippi, slew themselves, 42 b.c.
The final episode in Antony's eventful life now commenced. In Cilicia, after the battle of Philippi, he first met the beautiful Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, the last descendant of the race of the Ptolemies. He was at once fascinated by her charms, as Julius Cæsar and Pompey had been before him, and forgot at her feet his wife, Rome, and his military honour. From that time nothing succeeded with him. One more chance was given him, when, after the death of Fulvia, he came to an arrangement with Octavius, by which the empire was divided between them, and Antony took to wife the virtuous Octavia, the sister of his rival. For some time all went well, but when, in the course of his expedition against Parthia, he had landed in Syria, the consciousness of being so near Cleopatra proved too strong a temptation for a man whose life, with few exceptions, had been one career of vicious indulgence, and he sent for her and lived with her as before. Retribution was not long in falling upon him. His expedition against Parthia failed, and Octavius, to avenge the injury done to his sister, declared war. The naval battle of Actium followed, 31 b.c., in which Cleopatra, with her sixty ships, took to flight in the midst of the battle, and Antony, forgetful of his brave soldiers, of his own honour, of everything but his infatuated passion, followed her out of the action. They repaired to Egypt, which was soon invaded by Octavius; and Antony, after a vain attempt at resistance, deceived by a false report of the death of Cleopatra, fell upon his own sword, and so died. He was fifty-three, some say fifty-six, years of age at the time of his death. (Plutarch, in vitâ: Dion Cassius.)—T. A.
ANTONIUS, Marcus Julius, son to the triumvir by Fulvia, was so great a favourite of Augustus, that after the conquest of Egypt he was raised from one post to another, until he reached the consulship in the year u.c. 744. He owed his advancement partly to his marriage with Marcella, the daughter of Octavia, and therefore the niece of that prince; but he was ungrateful to his benefactor, for he dishonoured Julia, the child of Augustus, and being also suspected of a conspiracy against the emperor, he was condemned to death. Some say, that in order to escape the infamy of his sentence, he destroyed himself. He wrote a heroic poem in twelve books, entitled "Diomedeæ," and several treatises in prose. To him Horace addressed the second ode of his fourth book. He left one son, Julius Antonius, a noble but unfortunate youth, who was banished by the emperor to Marseilles, under the pretence of pursuing his studies. There he probably died. The honours begrudged him in life were bestowed on his bones, which, by a decree of the senate, were deposited in the tomb of the Octavil. With him the ancient house of Antonia probably terminated. It was illustrious, as Tacitus reflectively observes, but unfortunate: Multâ claritudine generis, sed improsperâ.—T. J.
ANTONIUS, Marcus de Dominis, a Venetian, in 1590, bishop of Segni, and then, 1602, archbishop of Spalatro, and primate of Dalmatia. During the conflicts between the pontiff Paul and the Venetian republic, he was alienated from the popedom, and being threatened by the Inquisition, he came over to England, and openly professed protestantism in St. Paul's. In London he wrote his principal work, "De Republica Ecclesiastica." James I. made him dean of Windsor. The Spanish ambassador plotted against him, and when he applied for the archbishopric of York, he received for answer a command to leave the country in three weeks. Means were taken to win him back to the church. He recanted in Brussels, and did penance in St. Peter's, but was taken up by the Inquisition, and brought, as is supposed, by them to a violent death in 1624. His body was dragged through the streets of Rome, burned by the hangman, and its ashes cast into the Tiber. It was by his influence that Father Paul's famous history of the council of Trent was first published in England.—J. E.
ANTONIUS, Parmensis, bishop of Ferrara, a.d. 419.
ANTONIUS, Primus Marcus, a bold and enterprising man, who contributed not a little to clothe Vespasian with the purple. He was born at Toulouse in Gallia Narbonensis (about a.d. 20), and having been convicted in the reign of Nero of forging a will, he was condemned to banishment. In those troublous times, he soon recovered his rank as a senator, commanded a legion under Galba, was neglected by Otho, and when the cause of Vitellius began to decline, subsequently attached himself to Vespasian. Brave and energetic in war, though corrupt and profuse in peace, he became of signal use to that aspirant to the imperial crown. Hearing that the army of Vitellius was demoralized by intestine feuds, he marched his legions against it, and gained a great victory at Bedriacum, a small city between Mantua and Cremona. The soldiers of Vespasian soon after arrived, and crossing over the field covered with the traces of a recent carnage, they concluded that the campaign was at an end, and began to show signs of insubordination. Meanwhile the forces of Vitellius rallied, and would have amply revenged their recent defeat, had not Antonius displayed the utmost courage and address. Animated by his eloquence and excellent arrangements for encountering the foe, his soldiers gained a second victory (a.d. 691), and by taking Cremona, still more deeply damaged the cause of Vitellius. After a series of sanguinary conflicts, Antonius became master of Rome, put an end to the civil war, and placed the crown on the head of Vespasian. Soon, however, he lost his authority with the army, and went to Vespasian, who does not appear to have manifested any gratitude towards him proportioned to his signal services. After this Tacitus mentions him no more. From an epigram of Martial, we learn that he retired to Toulouse, and amused his leisure in composing verses. According as we interpret an epigram in Martial, which says that he had passed the fifteenth Olympiad, and count an Olympiad as including four or five years, we may presume that he lived to the age of 60 or 75. Tacitus did not admire him; but Martial praises him as a noble character, and a sincere friend. He is not the only illustrious general whose youth has been tarnished by meanness, and his age by avarice.—T. J.
ANTONIUS, Saint, a martyr, who was put to death at Wilna in 1328.
ANTONY, surnamed The Bastard of Burgundy, was the natural son of Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, and was born in 1421. He was distinguished for his great military talents, and, in 1478, received from Louis XI. the duchy of Chateau Thierry as a reward for his services. Died 1504.
ANTRACI´NO, Giovanni, principal physician to Popes Adrian VI. and Clement VII., died in 1530.
ANTRAIGUES, Emmanuel Louis Henri de Launay, Count, was born at Vivarrias in France in 1755. At the outbreak of the Revolution, he adopted the popular side, and published an essay on the rights of the States-General, and was returned as a member of that body. He soon, however, changed his opinions, left France in 1790, and became the most restless intriguer in favour of a counter revolution. He was finally assassinated near London in 1812, by his own servant.—J. W. S.
ANTYLLUS, a Greek surgeon of the third century, appears to have been conversant with the operation of tracheotomy.
ANUND, AMUND, or OERNUND, a king of Sweden in the seventh century, celebrated as a great maker of roads.
ANUND, Jacob, a king of Sweden, who succeeded in 1024, and died in 1035.
