APEZTEGUIA, Don Juan Felipe, a Spanish sculptor of merit in the latter part of the 18th century; died 1785.
APHA´REUS, a Greek poet and orator of the 4th century b.c.
APHERDIA´NUS, Peter, a Dutch poet and grammarian in the latter part of the sixteenth century.
APHRODISIUS of Tralles, a sculptor at Rome, who, according to Pliny, executed, unaided, some of the statues in the palace of the Cæsars. He lived in the first century.
APHTHONIUS, a rhetorician of Antioch, in the third or fourth century of our era, to whom the title of the "Sophist" has been given. A work on rhetoric, rhetorical declamations, and other writings attributed to him, have been lost; but there still exist some of his "Rhetorical Exercises," and a collection of forty fables, which has been frequently reprinted.
APIANUS, Peter and Philip, father and son, were two eminent mathematicians and astronomers of the sixteenth century. Their real name was Bienewitz; and Biene, signifying a bee, gave origin to their Latinised name. The elder of the two, born at Leissnig in Misnia in 1495, was professor of mathematics in the university of Ingoldstadt, and was patronized and ennobled by the Emperor Charles V. He died in 1552. His son Philip was born at Ingoldstadt in 1531, and succeeded his father in the chair of mathematics, although not yet twenty-one years of age. He took the degree of M.D. at Bologna in 1564; and four years afterwards, having embraced protestantism, was forced to vacate his professorship; he was, however, appointed to the chair of mathematics and astronomy at Tübingen, where he died in 1589. Both of these eminent men were authors of a number of valuable scientific works, of most of which various editions have been published. We owe to Peter Apianus the first statement of the pregnant fact, that the tails of comets are turned away from the sun; the prolongation of the tail within the orbit, passing through the centre of that luminary.—F.
APICIUS, a name which has passed into a proverb for gluttony, was borne by three famous epicures. The most remarkable of these was Marcus Gabius Apicius, who lived about the beginning of our era. Stories almost incredible are told of how he sailed from place to place in search of the most superior lobsters (καρίδες), of how he spent a sum equal to £730,000 in procuring the most delicate luxuries, and when at last he found his exchequer reduced to about £80,000, he poisoned himself rather than live on such a pittance. The story is authentic; both Seneca and Dion Cassius tell it, and Martial has recorded it in an epigram. The only ancient work on the culinary art which is still extant bears the name of "Cælius Apicius," but it is generally believed that it was the production of none of those epicures, but of some later writer, who affixed to his production this name, as one proverbial in the annals of his art.—J. B.
APIN, Johann Ludwig, born at Hohenlohe in Franconia in 1668, became fellow of the medical college at Nürnberg, and in 1702 was appointed to the chair of physiology and surgery in the university of Altorf; but died in the year following.
APIN, Sigismund Jacob, a German philologist, son of the preceding, was born at Herrspruck in 1693. He was rector of the school of St. Giles at Brunswick, and author of many learned works; died in 1732.
APION, a Greek grammarian, was a native of Oasis in Africa, and the son of Posidonius. He studied at Alexandria, and afterwards betook himself to Rome, to teach rhetoric. He was famed as an interpreter of Homer, and his wide and varied knowledge is praised by the ancients. He was a man of the most inordinate vanity. There is scarcely a fragment of his writings now extant; but the memory of one of his books, written against the Jews, is preserved by the reply to it which Josephus has left in his work, "Against Apion." Josephus says that he died a victim to a disease brought on by his licentiousness, but we cannot rely on the testimony of so keen an antagonist. He flourished in the first century of the Christian era.—J. D.
* APJOHN, James, M.D., an able Irish chemist, was born on the 1st of September, 1796, in the parish of Grean, and county of Limerick, at Sunville, the property of his paternal ancestors. He was educated at the diocesan school of Tipperary, then conducted by the late Rev. Marshal Clarke, where he was placed as a boarder, and continued there for about four years, after which he entered as a student of Trinity college, Dublin, in the year 1814, under the tuition of the Rev. Dr. Wall. In his college course, Apjohn exhibited those talents which made him eminent in after life, having obtained a scholarship in 1816. Two years after, he took his degree of bachelor of arts, and applying himself to the study of medicine, he took the degree of M.B. in 1821. Dr. Apjohn now settled in Dublin, and applied himself sedulously to his profession, and actively co-operated with Sir Henry Marsh, Dr. Jacob, Dr. Graves, and Mr. Cusack, in establishing the medical and chirurgical school in Park Street in that city, and was appointed lecturer in chemistry in that institution in 1825. To this branch of his profession. Dr. Apjohn devoted much of his attention, and his character as an accomplished chemist was speedily established, so that in 1828 he was unanimously elected to the professorship of chemistry in the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. Dr. Apjohn took his degree of M.D. in 1837, and the board of Trinity college appointed him, in 1841, lecturer on applied chemistry. In the year 1850, the chair of chemistry in the university becoming vacant. Dr. Apjohn was unanimously elected to fill it, with which professorship that of mineralogy was subsequently combined. Dr. Apjohn has long been an efficient and distinguished member of the Royal Irish Academy, of which he is a vice-president, and has contributed many valuable papers in its publications;—in particular, a very able essay, read before the academy in 1837, on "A new method of investigating the specific heats of the gaseous bodies," for which he was awarded the high honour of the Cunningham gold medal. As a chemist, practical and theoretical. Dr. Apjohn has long confessedly held the first place in Ireland, and his reputation has extended beyond his native land, being well known to the physicists of England and the continent of Europe. In 1853 he was elected unanimously a member of the Royal Society. He has from time to time contributed to the progress of science by his publications, of which more than twenty original memoirs on various subjects connected with chemistry and general physics, have appeared from his pen. In the Encyclopædia of Practical Medicine, the articles on "Spontaneous Combustion," on "Electricity," on "Galvanism," and on "Toxicology," were written by Dr. Apjohn.—J. F. W.
APOCAUCUS, Alexis, grand-duke of the Byzantine army in the reign of John Palæologus, was born about the end of the 13th century; and although of obscure origin, raised himself to a position of great dignity and authority. During the minority of the young prince, his ambition led him to aspire to the throne itself, and greatly accelerated the fall of the Greek empire. After causing much disorder in the state, he at length reaped the reward of his tyranny. While inspecting a prison at Constantinople, in which were confined a number of the partisans of his rival, he was attacked by two of the prisoners who were of the race of the Palæologi, and put to death in 1345.—F.
APOLLINA´RIS, Aurelius, a Latin poet of the third century, who wrote in Iambic verse a biography of the Emperor Carus. The work has perished.
APOLLINARIS, C. Sulpicius, a celebrated grammarian of Rome, supposed to be a native of Carthage, who taught during the reign of the Antonines. Among his pupils were Aulus Gellius, author of the Noctes Atticæ, and Helvius Pertinax, who, from a teacher of grammar, rose to be emperor of Rome.
APOLLINARIS, Saint, was bishop of Valence, a town on the Rhone, during the earlier part of the sixth century.
APOLLINARIUS or APOLLINARIS, a learned native of Alexandria, who lived in the earlier part of the fourth century, and taught grammar and rhetoric at Berytus and at Laodicea, where he married and became a presbyter. For associating with the heathen sophist Epiphanius, and attending his lectures, he and his son, who is styled Apollinarius or Apollinaris, junior, were both excommunicated; they were afterwards restored to the church, and Apollinarius, junior, became bishop of Laodicea. In a.d. 362, when the Emperor Julian prohibited the Christians from reading the works of the classic writers, they undertook to compose some sacred classics to supply the place of the heathen authors. The father turned the Pentateuch into heroic verse, in imitation of Homer; and composed, it is said, dramas and lyrics out of the rest of the Old Testament, after the manner of Menander, Euripides, and Pindar. His son employed himself on the New Testament, and turned the gospels and epistles into dialogue, in imitation of Plato. Nearly all these writings are lost; but there is extant a Greek poetical version of the Psalms, which is ascribed to the elder Apollinarius, and the tragedy of the sufferings of Christ, published among the works of Gregory-Nazianzen,
