fear no more to die than I did to be born. Though I am now stained by malevolence, and suffer by prejudice, I hope to rise fair and unblemished. My life was not polluted, my morals were irreproachable, and my opinions orthodox."
Aram's defence is no doubt a very striking document. A much more remarkable paper, however, is a letter from him to a clergyman, written in York castle during his imprisonment. The perfect self-possession with which it is written, the way in which questions of language and ethnology are discussed by a man whose days were already numbered, is a thing of which we know no other example.—(Biog. Britannica, second edition. Annual Reg., 1759. London Magazine, 1759.)—J. A., D.
ARAMA, Meir-ben-Isaac, a Spanish rabbi of the seventeenth century.
ARAMONT, Gabriel de Luetz, Baron d', ambassador from Henry II. of France to the Turkish court, died 1553.
ARANAS, Hyacintho d', a Spanish carmelite of the early part of the last century, who was commissary-general of his order.
ARANDA, Francisco and his brother Juan, Spanish sculptors of the beginning of the sixteenth century. Their names are r ecorded amongst those of artists that worked for the celebrated tabernacle of the cathedral of Toledo. Their style retains much of the stiffness of the Gothic school.
ARANDA, D', a monk, a native of Sessa, who published some madrigals and other music at Venice, about the year 1571.
ARANDA, Emmanuel d', a Spanish traveller of the sixteenth century. He was captured by Moorish pirates, and has left a very interesting account of the miseries endured by the slaves in Algiers. On his escape, he was appointed to an important office in Bruges, and enjoyed the favour of the Spanish king. Several editions of his works have appeared.
ARANDA, Juan, an author of Jaen in Spain, who lived in the sixteenth century.
ARANDA DE DUERO, Antonio, a Spanish traveller, a monk of the Franciscan order, who lived in the sixteenth century, and became prefect of his order in Castile.
ARANDA, Pedro Pablo Abaraca y Bolea, Count d', a Spanish statesman of the last century. After serving for a short time in the army, he was appointed ambassador to the Polish court, and subsequently president of the council of Castile. In this position he proved the most able and upright statesman his country had ever possessed; reforms innumerable were effected, and had not priestly influence and court intrigue ultimately effected his downfall, Spain would have again become powerful, prosperous, and happy. He retired into private life, and died in 1799.—J. W. S.
ARANDO, Matheo d', a Spanish musician of whom little is known.
ARANJO, Pedro d', a Spanish sculptor, living in the early part of the eighteenth century. He was attached to the court of Madrid, for which he executed a great number of busts, remarkable for resemblance and spirit.
ARANTIUS, ARANZIO, or ARANZI, Julius Cæsar, a physician of Bologna, who flourished in the 16th century. He studied anatomy under the great Vesalius, and occupied the chair of anatomy and medicine in Bologna, from 1556 to the time of his death. He is the first who discovered the true structure of the fœtus and the placenta. Certain fibrous masses on the valves of the aorta are also called from him "Corpora Arantii."
ARATORE, an Italian poet of Liguria, who lived about the year 510 a.d.
ARATUS, a physician, was a native of Soli, in Cilicia. He devoted himself very much to the study of natural phenomena. Two of his scientific poems have come down to us—one, called "Phenomena," on the stars, and the other discussing Meteorology, or the prognostics of the weather as they can be gathered from the stars. In the former poem occurs the part of a line quoted by Paul in his address to the Athenians on Mars' Hill, "For we are his offspring," Acts xvii. 28. He flourished in the third century before Christ.—J. D.
ARATUS of Sicyon, the head of the Achæan confederacy, lived from 271 to 213 b.c. He delivered his native town from its tyrant Nicocles, obtained the assistance of Ptolemy and of Antigonus Gonatas, by whose aid the power of Sparta was entirely broken, and had almost secured the union and independence of Greece. He was poisoned by Philip II.
ARATUS, a son of the former, assisted his father in the management of Achæan affairs. Also poisoned by Philip II.
ARAUJO, Antonio, a Portuguese jesuit, who was born in 1566, in the Azores, and passed most of his life as a missionary among the Tupinambi Indians of Brazil. He died 1632.
ARAUJO or ARAUXO, Francisco, a Spanish musician, a native of Corea. He published a treatise on the organ, and other musical works. He died in 1663.
ARAUJO, Jozé Boreas d', a Portuguese nobleman, philosopher, and amateur artist, born at Lisbon 1677; died 1743.
ARAUJO DI AZEVEDA, Antonio de, Count da Barca, a Portuguese statesman, was born in 1784. He studied at Oporto and Coimbra, where he acquired an extensive knowledge of mathematics, natural history, and modern languages. He entered into the diplomatic career, and represented Portugal at the courts of the Hague, Berlin, and Petersburgh. He followed the Portuguese court in its flight to Brazil. He devoted his time to literature and science, and endeavoured to improve the agriculture and manufactures of Brazil. An attempt to introduce the cultivation of tea engaged much of his attention. In 1816 he founded a school of the fine arts at Rio Janeiro, and the year after, he died of a lingering fever.—J. W. S.
ARAUXO, Salgado, a Portuguese ecclesiastic, papal prothonotary, and author of several works, chiefly historical, flourished about the beginning of the seventeenth century.
ARBACES, a governor of Media, who, in concert with the governor of Babylonia, overthrew Sardanapalus, and founded the Median empire.
ARBASIA, Cesare, an Italian painter, a native of Saluzzo. He was an able artist, an imitator of Leonardo da Vinci, and excelled chiefly in fresco. Arbasia flourished about the close of the sixteenth century, and exercised his art for the most part in Spain, where he painted the ceiling of the cathedral of Cordova. He was one of the founders of the academy of St. Luke at Rome.—(Lanzi's History of Painting in Italy.)—A. M.
ARBAUD de Porchères, François d', a French poet of some distinction, born in Provence about the end of the sixteenth century. An ode addressed to Louis XIII., and another addressed to Cardinal Richelieu, are his two most successful productions. After a long residence at court, he retired from it in disgust, and died in Burgundy in 1640.—E. M.
ARBAUD de Porchères Jean d', brother of the preceding, was author of a poetic version of the Psalms.
ARBEAU, Thoinet, a canon of the cathedral of Lengres, whose real name appears to have been Jean Tabourot, was the author of a curious and now very rare book on dancing, which claims to be the first work of its kind. Its title is "Orchesographie, Metode, et Teorie en forme de discours et Tablature pour apprendre à Dancer," &c., 4to Lengres, 1588 and 1596. No particulars of the author seem to be known.—E. F. R.
ARBETIO, a Roman general, who served successively under Constantine the great, Constans, Julian, and Valens.
ARBIE, Antoine de l', a French botanist, who lived in the eighteenth century. He is principally known for his "Flora of Auvergne," which was published in 1795, in one volume. A second edition was published in two volumes in 1800.—(Bischoff, Lehrbuch der Botanik.—E. L.
ARBLAY, Madame d', better known as Miss Frances Burney, was born at Lynn-Regis, in the county of Norfolk, on the 13th of June, 1752, and was the second daughter of Dr. Burney, author of the "History of Music," then organist in that town. When she reached her eighth year her father removed to London, and lived on terms of familiarity with the distinguished artistic and literary society of that day. In the memoirs of her father, she gives an interesting account of her childhood. At the age of eight, her education was so defective that she did not know her letters; her improvement must have been rapid, however, for two years afterwards she was busily engaged in composition, writing fairy tales, elegies, odes, farces, and tragedies, which were carefully concealed from her father, but read and admired by her younger sister Susannah. Within a few years her taste had advanced so much, that the whole of these early essays were consigned by her own hand to the flames. Although destroyed, it appears they were not forgotten; one of the sketches, the "History of Caroline Evelyn," still haunted her imagination, and she finally determined to write the adventures of "Evelina," the daughter of her former heroine. Two volumes were composed, written out in a feigned hand, and her brother was commissioned to procure a publisher; at that time without success. The manuscript was offered to Dodsley, who declined looking at
