with Pope—but in the execution of the works which this fraternity of humorists contemplated, Arbuthnot's learning was relied on as that without which little or nothing could be done. The abuses of learning were to be the subject of a satire in the manner of Cervantes. In a letter to Swift, Arbuthnot says—"Mankind presents an inexhaustible source of invention in the way of folly and madness;" and in another, he gives an amusing map of diseases, to illustrate a portion of the work which was to describe medicine. "The Great Diseases, like capital cities, with their Symptoms, all like streets and suburbs, with the Roads that lead to other diseases. It is thicker set with towns than any Flanders map you ever saw. Ratcliffe is painted at the comer of the map, contending for the universal empire of this world, and the rest of the physicians opposing his ambitious designs with a project of a treaty of partition to settle peace." Another of his whimsical fancies is thus communicated to the same correspondent:—"Whiston has at last published his project of the longitude; the most ridiculous thing that ever was thought of: but he has spoiled one of my papers of Scriblerus, which was a proposal for the longitude not very unlike his, to this purpose—that, since there was no pole for east and west, all the princes of Europe should join and build two prodigious poles upon high mountains, with a vast lighthouse to serve for a pole-star. I was thinking of a calculation of the time, charges, and dimensions. Now, you must understand his project is by lighthouses, and the explosion of bombs at certain hours." The queen's death broke up the design, by separating from each other the members of the partnership; but in this club originated "The Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus," published, after Arbuthnot's death, in Pope's works, but, most probably, altogether of Arbuthnot's composition. The "Essay on the Origin of the Sciences," ascribed to Scriblerus, was the joint work of Arbuthnot, Pope, and Parnell.
Arbuthnot continued to exercise his profession as a physician, and published a few medical and scientific tracts, and seems to have had his full share of the honours and profits of successful practice. Among Swift's letters we find him repeatedly mentioned with that earnestness of regard which Swift, in all his real or assumed misanthropy, felt for those whom he called his friends. "Arbuthnot's illness," he says in one letter, "is a very sensible affliction to me, who, by living so long out of the world, have lost that hardness of heart contracted by years in general conversation. I am daily losing friends, and neither seeking nor getting others. Oh, if the world had a dozen Arbuthnots in it, I would burn my Travels [Gulliver's]; but, however, he is not without fault. There is a passage in Bede commending the piety and learning of the Irish in that age, when, after abundance of praises, he overthrows them all by lamenting that, alas! they keep Easter at a wrong time of the year; so our doctor has every quality that can make a man sensible or useful, but, alas! he hath a sort of slouch in his walk." Years of doubtful health followed, borne with serene cheerfulness. In his last illness he wrote an affecting letter, which is preserved in Pope's correspondence. It is fortunate that Arbuthnot's letters to Pope and Swift are preserved. Johnson, comparing Pope's correspondents with each other, says—"Swift writes like a man who remembered he was writing to Pope, but Arbuthnot like one who lets thoughts drop from his pen as they rise into his mind."
In the parts of the Memoirs of Scriblerus ascribed to Arbuthnot, there are passages which might lead us to think some other hand must have been at work upon it; but it must be remembered that extravagance and absurdity of all kinds was the subject of the caricature, and we cannot always determine which of the triumvirate—Swift, Arbuthnot, or Pope—was for the moment sitting in "Rabelais' easy-chair." Whatever be the excesses into which exuberant mirth may have led the Doctor, as his friends were fond of calling Arbuthnot, there can be no doubt of his habitual feeling of piety. This he probably owed to his Scottish education, as to it he certainly owed the accurate learning which so remarkably distinguished him. When one of his sons, "whose life," he says, "if it had so pleased God, he would have redeemed with his own," died, the language of his letter communicating the fact is, "I thank God for a new lesson of submission to his will, and also for what he hath left me." Swift, speaking of him, said, "He has more wit than we all have, and his humanity is equal to his wit." In the summer of 1734, Arbuthnot retired to Hampstead, suffering from asthma. His letters show that he had not then wholly given up his medical practice, for he speaks of the necessity of his return to London in the winter, when he reckoned a return of the symptoms. "I am not in circumstances to lead an idle country life, and no man at my age ever recovered of such a disease, except by the abatement of the symptoms." We regret that the plan of our work does not admit of extracts from these letters, which will be found in many editions of Pope and Swift. He returned to London, and died on the 27th of February, 1734-5.
Two volumes, entitled "The Miscellaneous Works of Dr. Arbuthnot," were published at Glasgow in 1750, and again, with some additional pieces, in 1751. Arbuthnot's family were impatient at the publication, and denied the genuineness of its contents in language stronger than was warranted. Most of the papers are Arbuthnot's. The book is now not easily procured. In 1770 it was reprinted, with a life of Arbuthnot, the facts of which Arbuthnot's son, we are told by Dr. Kippis, admitted to be truly stated. In the kind of way in which Swift and Arbuthnot published trifles on broadsides and flying sheets for the political purposes of the hour, it is not surprising that mistakes should be made as to the authorship, and papers written, which the author himself would as entirely forget when they had answered their momentary purpose, as the barrister the names of his clients and his cases, though remaining on old briefs to testify for or against him. Arbuthnot's habits of writing, and carelessness of what he had written, rendered mistakes even more likely than in the case of almost any other man. "No adventure of any consequence ever occurred, on which the doctor did not write a pleasant essay In a great folio book which used to he in his parlour. Of these, however, he was so negligent, that while he was writing them at one end, he suffered his children to tear them out at the other for their paper kites." Of Arbuthnot's works, there is no collected edition. The Glasgow book which we have mentioned, professes only to supply such as had not been printed in Swift's Miscellanies.—(Biographia Britannica, Swift's and Pope's Letters.)—J. A., D.
ARC, Philippe-Auguste de Sainte-Foix, Chevalier d', a distinguished French historian and miscellaneous writer, natural son of the count of Toulouse; died at Tulle in 1779.
ARCADELT, Jacques, a musician of great eminence, who was born in the Low Countries at the end of the fifteenth or beginning of the sixteenth century. He is stated by some writers to have been a pupil of Josquin de Prés; but as this master had no school of music at the time when he can have been studying, these authorities must confound his name with another. In 1536 he went to Rome; here, from January till November, 1539, he held the office, founded by Pope Julius II., of maestro de Putti, in St. Peter's. On the 30th of December in the following year, he was appointed one of the singers in the pope's chapel, which he continued to be for nine years, if not longer. In 1544 he was created an abbé. He became chapel-master to Cardinal Charles of Lorraine, duke of Guise, who visited Rome on an embassy from the court of France in 1555. In his suite he went to Paris, where he probably died. He wrote many masses and motets, madrigals and songs, and was esteemed one of the best masters of the madrigal style. The greatest favourite of all his compositions appears to have been "Il bianco e dolce cigno," one in his first book of madrigals (printed by Burney in his history), which is remarkable for the smoothness of its melody, and the purity of its counterpoint, but still more for the beauty of its expression. His madrigals were so popular in his time, that, according to Adami, the compositions of others were not unfrequently printed under his name. The melodiousness of his songs is extolled by several authors. Much of his sacred music is preserved in manuscript in the library of the Vatican, and he printed the following works:—Three books of masses for three, four, five, and seven voices; five books of madrigals, "L'Excellence des Chansons Musicales" (a collection of songs), "Chansons Françaises à plusieurs parties," and many single songs in French and Italian collections, full particulars of which are given in Fètis' Biographie Universelle des Musiciens.—(Burney, Fètis, Schilling.)—G. A. M.
ARCADIO, Alessandro, a Piedmontese physician of the seventeenth century, author of numerous works on medical and miscellaneous subjects.
ARCADIO, Gian-Francesco, a Piedmontese physician of some distinction, author of various works, mostly medical, was born at Bistagno about the middle of the sixteenth century, and died in 1620.
