ARCADIUS, the elder son of the Emperor Theodosius the Great, was born in Spain in a.d. 383. Theodosius superintended his education with great solicitude, intrusting to Themistius his literary, and to Arsenius his religious training. Though by no means depraved, Arcadius was strikingly dissimilar to his father. Feeble and deformed in person, he was destitute of mental vigour, and incapable of independence either of thought or action. Theodosius, before his death, divided the empire into Eastern and Western, leaving the former to Arcadius, and the latter to Honorius, and appointing Rufinus guardian of Arcadius, and Stilico of Honorius. The very day appointed for the marriage of Arcadius to the daughter of Rufinus, the young emperor was, by a daring arrangement of the eunuch Eutropius, wedded to Eudoxia, the daughter of Bauto, a Roman general, but by birth a Frank. Rufinus having been soon afterwards assassinated by Stilico's emissaries, Eutropius became prime minister, but, in 399, was banished to Cyprus, and beheaded, to satisfy the envy of the empress, and the hostility of Tribigildus, leader of the Goths settled in Phrygia. The influence of the same vindictive empress accomplished the exile of the good and great John Chrysostom. Arcadius died in 408.—E. M.
ARCADIUS, a native of Antioch, author of various works on grammar, the only one of which now extant is a treatise on accentuation, being an abridgment of Herodian's work entitled Καθολικὴ Προσῳδία.
ARCÆUS or D'ARCE, Franciscus, a celebrated surgeon, member of the Inquisition, and author of medical dissertations, was born at Fresno in 1494, and died about 1575.
ARCANO, Mauro, or Giovanni d', an Italian satirical and burlesque poet, born in 1490; died in consequence of a fall from his horse in hunting, in 1536. His poems have been printed with those of Berni.
ARCASIO, Gian-Francesco, a celebrated Italian jurist and scholar, professor of Roman law in the university of Turin, and author of "Commentaria Juris Civilis," was born at Bisagno in 1712, and died in 1791.
ARCE, the name of a Spanish glass-stainer, who executed several windows for the cathedral of Burgos. He flourished towards the end of the sixteenth century.
ARCE, Don Caledonio d', a Spanish sculptor of the eighteenth century, attached to the court and academy of Madrid. He continued the style of the Barambio school, as best shown in his equestrian statue of the Spanish king, Charles IV., which is considered the masterpiece of this artist. He read before the academy several good essays on sculpture, some of which were published. Died in 1795.—R. M.
ARCE, Don Jose, a Spanish sculptor of the seventeenth century, a pupil of Montanes. His colossal statues for the cathedral of Seville are amongst his best works.
ARCERE, Louis-Etienne, a French priest of the oratory, professor of literature, and author of various historical works and miscellaneous dissertations, was born at Marseilles in 1698, and died in 1782.
ARCESILAUS, the name of four kings of Cyrene:—
Arcesilaus I., king of Cyrene, son and successor of Battus, founder of the kingdom, flourished about the beginning of the sixth century before Christ.
Arcesilaus II., succeeded his father probably about 555 or 560 b.c.; defeated the Lybians, and was finally cut off by domestic treason.
Arcesilaus III., succeeded his father Battus III., and attempting to abolish the restrictions imposed on the royal authority, was driven into exile. Returning from Samos at the head of an army, he recovered his throne. Driven a second time into exile, he was assassinated about 514 b.c.
Arcesilaus IV., the eighth and last king of Cyrene, and founder of the colony afterwards called Berenice, died about 431 b.c., murdered, it would appear, for persisting in his attempts to make himself absolute. He has been immortalized by Pindar's testimony to his eminent qualities.—E. M.
ARCESILAUS, the name of four Greek artists:—
Arcesilaus, son of Aristodicon, a Grecian sculptor of the early Argivo-Sycionic school, living about 500 b.c. Simonides celebrated a "Diana" by Arcesilaus in some of his verses.
Arcesilaus of Paros, a Greek painter in encaustic, who flourished about 420 b.c. He decorated several temples.
Arcesilaus, son of Tisicrates, a painter of the Ionic school, flourished about 300 b.c.
Arcesilaus, one of the first Greek sculptors that established themselves in Rome, lived about 170 b.c. Pliny, on the authority of Varro, states that so great was the demand for the works of this sculptor, that they were often taken away from his studio before they were actually finished. This was the case with the "Venus Genetrix," in the forum of Cæsar. Very high prices were given for his productions, not only by the public and by the patrons, but also by the other artists of the time, who were anxious to have sketches and models by Arcesilaus.—R. M.
ARCESILAUS, a Greek philosopher, disciple of Theophrastus, and founder of what is sometimes called the New, and sometimes the Middle Academy, was born at Pitane, in Æolia, 316 b.c. Combating the dogmatism of the Stoics, he denied the possibility of attaining certainty in the pursuit of knowledge, and held that the wise man is to regulate his conduct by the greatest attainable probability. He revived the Socratic method of discussion. He was an elegant and persuasive speaker, possessing great logical skill and pre-eminent power of expression. He died, unmarried, 241 b.c. Affluent In circumstances, he was in character honourable, generous, and genial.—E. M.
ARCHAGATHUS, a Greek physician, born in the Peloponnesus in the third century before Christ, settled at Rome in the consulship of L. Æmilius Paulus and Livius Salinator, and was allowed, at the public expense, to establish a shop for surgery in one of the most populous quarters of the city. His numerous operations procured for him the name of Carnifex.
ARCHAIMBAUD, Benedictus, born at Lyons in 1643, and died in 1688, obtained high honour in the papal church, was a member of the congregation of the oratory, and composed a brief history of the canon law, "Abregé Historique du Droit Canon."
ARCHANGE de Clermont, a French historian of the seventeenth century, author of a "Traité du calvaire de Hierusalem et de Dauphiné," 1638.
ARCHANGE de Rouen, a French theologian of the commencement of the eighteenth century, author of two lives of saints, and of a work entitled, "Paroles du Nouveau Testament pour eclairer les gens du monde sur l'importance du salut," 1691.
ARCHANGELUS de Burgonovo, an Italian theologian of the order of the Minorites, distinguished as a Hebraist, published in the second half of the sixteenth century the following works:—1. "Trattato ossia dichiarazione della virtù e dignità del nome di Gesù," 1557; 2. "Apologia pro defensione doctrinæ Cabalæ contra P. Garziam.," 1564; 3. "Cabalistarum Selectiora," 1569.
ARCHANGELUS or DE ARCHANGELO, Ottavio, an Italian poet, born at Catania in Sicily, published in 1646 at Palermo, "Canzoni Siciliane," and afterwards a history of his native city, and some poems.
ARCHDALE, John, English governor of Carolina, appointed in 1695, suppressed the disorders of the colony, and published, on his return, "A new description of that fertile and pleasant province of Carolina, with a brief account of its Discovery, Settling, and the Government thereof, to this time," 1707.
ARCHDALL, Rev. Mervyn, A.M., a learned antiquarian and genealogist, and a member of the Royal Irish Academy, was born in Dublin in 1723. He laboured industriously for many years in the collection of materials for an Irish Monasteriology, in which he was assisted by Dr. Pococke, and in the year 1786, published a large quarto volume, entitled "Monasticon Hibernicanum, or a history of the abbeys, priories, and other religious houses in Ireland." In 1789 he published a revised edition of Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, in 7 vols. 8vo. He died on the 6th August, 1791.—(Gent.'s Mag.)—J. F. W.
ARCHDEKIN, Richard, or ARSDEKIN, also called MACGILLACUDY, an Irish jesuit and controversial writer, was born in Kilkenny in 1619. He filled successively the chairs of classical literature, moral philosophy, and scriptural theology, partly at Louvain, and partly at Antwerp, and died in the latter city on the 3rd August, 1693. His principal works are—"Of Miracles: and new Miracles done by the relicks of St. Francis Xavier," a very scarce book, and said to be the first ever printed in English and Irish conjointly; "Præcipiæ Controversiæ fides ad facilem Methodum redacta;" and a life of St. Patrick.—(Ware, O'Reilly.)—J. F. W.
ARCHEDICUS, an Athenian poet, lived about the year 302 b.c. Only the titles of two of his comedies have reached us, Διαμαρτανων and Θησαυρος.
ARCHELAUS, son of Apollonius, a sculptor of Priene in Ionia, the author of the celebrated Apotheosis of Homer.
