and that on his deathbed he exhorted his son to aim at the entire conquest of Spain, an enterprise he himself would probably have achieved had not luxury diverted his attention. Died in 1069.
Abad III., son and successor of the preceding, was less brave and able, and far more humane than his father. He excelled in poetry, and ardently encouraged science and literature. Alarmed at the progress of Alfonso, king of Castile, he invited into Spain, Yusuf, second king of Morocco, who having discomfited Alfonso in a great battle, began to treat Abad and the other Moslem princes as vassals. Abad having ventured to resist, was completely subdued and sent captive into Africa, where he died in 1095, after four years' confinement, during which his daughters supported him by their manual labour. Through all vicissitudes he displayed unvaried equanimity.—E. M.
ABAD Y QUEYPEO, Manuel, a Spanish bishop, born in 1775. After taking orders, he went to settle in Mexico, where he held the office of judge. In 1809 he became bishop of Mechoacan; but when the insurrection in New Spain broke out, he adhered to the royal cause, and was obliged to retire for a time from his diocese. When the course of events permitted his return, he urged on the royalist authorities conciliatory measures, and, in consequence, was denounced by them as a traitor. On the restoration of Ferdinand VII., the bishop who had ventured to express without reserve his opinion of the Inquisition, was recalled from his see, brought to Spain, and kept in prison till the revolution of 1820 restored him to liberty. He was appointed a member of the provisional Junta, and, subsequently, bishop of Tortosa; but the Inquisition again arrested him, and condemned him to six years' solitary confinement. He died in prison, but the date and circumstances of his death have never been precisely ascertained.—E. M.
ABADIA, Francis Xavier, a Spanish general, born at Valencia in 1774. Being first staff-officer of the insurgent army of La Mancha, when Spain was occupied by the French, he retired with what remained of his troops to Cadiz, where, after acting for a few days as minister of war, he was made a major-general. In 1812 he obtained the command of the army of Galicia, which he had organized; and, on the restoration of Ferdinand VII., he was made a lieutenant-general, and inspector of the forces assembled at Cadiz for the expedition to Spanish America. Died in 1830.—E. M.
ABAFFI or APAFI, Michael, became in 1661 prince of Transylvania. During the truce between Austria and the Porte, Abaffi quietly enjoyed his throne under Ottoman protection, and remained faithful to the sultan till 1683. The reverses sustained by the Turks induced him to enter into a defensive alliance with the emperor in 1687. Died in 1690.
ABAFFI, Michael, the son and successor of the preceding, was born in 1677. Count Tekeli, abetted by the Turks, laid claim to the principality, and gained possession of part of it in 1690. At the same time the grand vizier, Cuprili, defeated the Imperial army, and retook Belgrade and other important places. Tekeli proved ultimately unable to maintain his ground, and, at the peace of 1698, Transylvania was definitively ceded to Austria. The young prince Michael was obliged to renounce his rights, and, receiving an Austrian pension, he resided at Vienna till his death in 1713.—E. M.
ABAGA or ABAKA KHAN, second Mogul emperor of Persia, succeeded his father, Hulaku Khan, in 1265. He restored Bagdad, then in ruins, and extended his sway over a great part of Western Asia. He died at Hamadan in 1282.
ABAILARD. See Abelard.
ABA´ISI, Tommaso, an Italian sculptor of the fifteenth century, mentioned as having executed in 1451 several wooden statues for the cathedral of Ferrara.
ABALLA, a learned lady, born at Salerno about the middle of the 13th century, became celebrated as a physician in the reign of Charles of Anjou. She left a work, "De atra bili."
ABAMONTI or ABBAMONTE, Joseph, a Neapolitan lawyer and patriot of great talents, born about the year 1759. In 1798 he was appointed secretary-general to the Cisalpine republic, and member of the Neapolitan executive. On the restoration of the king of Naples in 1799, Abamonti was condemned to death, but pardoned. He then repaired to Milan, and resumed his functions as secretary-general, which he continued to discharge till, in 1805, the Cisalpine republic merged in the kingdom of Italy. He returned to Naples, and spent the remainder of his life in retirement. Died in 1818.—E. M.
ABANCOURT, Charles X. J. F. d', born in 1758. In June, 1792, he became minister of war under Louis XVI., but was put to death at Versailles the following August.
ABANCOURT, F. J. V. d', a French poet and dramatic writer, born at Paris in 1745. Died in 1803.
ABANO, Pietro di, or PETRUS APONUS, a famous professor of medicine at Padua, was born in 1250, and died in 1315. His most important work is his "Conciliator differentiarum Philosophorum et præcipue Medicorum," printed at Mantua in 1472, folio.
ABA´NTIDAS, son of Paseas. He murdered Clinias, father of Aratus, 264 b.c., and thus became tyrant of Sicyon, but was himself murdered some years afterwards.
ABARBANEL. See Abrabanel.
ABARCA DE BOLEA Y PORTUGAL, Don Geronimo, a grandee and historian of Aragon, of the sixteenth century. He wrote, in Latin, a history of the kingdom of Aragon, still unpublished. The historian Zurita, who praises it highly, derived from it many important documents.
ABARCA, Dona Maria d', a Spanish lady, celebrated as an amateur painter of portraits. Her productions were greatly admired, even at a time when painting had attained its highest degree of cultivation in Spain. She was living in 1650.
ABARCA, Pedro, a Spanish Jesuit, professor of theology at Salamanca, born in 1619. Besides various theological works, he published "Annals of the Kings of Aragon," Died 1693.
A´BARIS, a Scythian and priest of Hyperborean Apollo, lived, some say, before the Trojan war, and others, in the time of Pythagoras. His history is mostly mythical, as well as self-contradictory, he was fabled to have traversed the air on an arrow, the gift of Apollo, and to have lived without food. He professed to work miraculous cures. Plato speaks of him as a great enchanter, and the later Platonists tried to invest with importance his pretended miracles.—E. M.
ABASCAL, Don Jose Fernando, viceroy of Peru, was born at Oviedo in 1743, and entered the army in 1762. For distinguished military and civil services in the West Indies and South America, he was made viceroy of Peru in 1804. Lima greatly flourished under his able and enlightened administration. He zealously promoted public instruction, and effected many important administrative and judicial reforms. By great prudence and energy, he maintained the authority of the mother-country in Peru, after the other Spanish provinces had declared their independence. He even sent extensive military supplies to his countrymen in Spain, during their war with Napoleon. In 1812 he received high honours, but in 1816 was abruptly superseded. He died at Madrid, 1821.—E. M.
ABASSAH, sister of the famous caliph, Haroun al Raschid, given by him in marriage to his vizier, Ja'far, on condition that she should remain a virgin. But the compact was broken, herself disgraced, and her husband put to death. See Haroun.
ABATI. See Abbate.
ABAUDIUS, abbot of St. Peter's at Chartres, a contemporary of Abelard, and one of his literary opponents in a tract called "De fractione corporis Christi."
ABAUNZA, Pedro d', born in Seville in 1600. He was an advocate in the courts of his native town, and left two works on subjects connected with his profession, only one of which was thought worthy of publication. He died in 1649, during the prevalence of a pestilence in Seville.
ABAUZIT, Firmin, a distinguished scholar and theological writer, born in Languedoc, 1679. The Huguenots were at that time suffering severe persecution, and Abauzit, in his tenth year, was forcibly taken from his widowed mother, who belonged to the protestant church, and placed in a Roman catholic seminary. His mother soon succeeded in rescuing him, though at the price of her own imprisonment, and sent him to Geneva, where she ultimately joined him. Here Abauzit prosecuted his studies, and made rapid progress in the various arts and sciences. He subsequently visited Holland and England, and was honoured with the friendship of Bayle and of Sir Isaac Newton. William III., who had a high opinion of his talents and learning, urged him to take up his residence in England; but in accordance with the entreaty of his mother, he returned to Geneva, and took an active part in the translation of the New Testament, published in 1726. He made many important scientific discoveries, and also found leisure to prepare various theological treatises, dogmatical, exegetical, and apologetical, as well as some controversial
