repaired to Paris to assassinate Henry IV. Detected and convicted, he was put to death on the wheel, along with his accomplice Ricodivi, in 1589.
ARGHUN KHAN, the fourth Persian king of the race of Jenghis Khan, ascended the throne in the year 1284, and reigned for six years and a half. His uncle Nikudar, whom he succeeded, had been zealously attached to the Mahomedan faith, and a cruel persecutor of the Jews and Christians. Arghun changed this policy, tolerated all religions, and rather favoured the members of these persecuted sects, elevating them to the more important offices. His first measure was to avenge the death of his father, Abaka, whom he had reason to suspect had been put to death by his uncle's favourite, Shams-ud-din. Arghun raised to the office of prime minister, a Jew named Sa'd-ud-daula, who, skilled in various languages, and in the revenues of the provinces, succeeded in working numerous reforms, and in raising the empire to a state of unexampled prosperity. Arghun died in 1291, and was succeeded by his brother Kai Khátu.—J. B.
ARGILEONIS, the mother of Brasidas the Spartan general. When complimented by strangers on the matchless valour of her son, she modestly replied: "My son was brave, but Sparta has still many citizens as good as Brasidas."—E. M.
ARGILLATA or ARGELLATA, Pietro d' an anatomist and surgeon, who occupied the chair of logic, astrology, and medicine at Bologna, early in the 15th century, and is said to have taught the doctrines of Avicenna. He died in 1423, and left a work entitled "Chirurgiæ Libri Sex," (Venice, 1480.)
ARGOLI, Andrea, an astronomer, born in 1568 at Tagliocozzo, in the Neapolitan province of Abruzzo, died in 1657. His writings are chiefly on mathematical subjects. A brother of his was a noted polemic; and a son of his, Giovanni, was a jurist, and wrote annotations on several of the classics, some of which are preserved in the Thesaurus of Grævius.
ARGONNE, Noel, or Bonaventure d', a French advocate, afterwards a Carthusian monk, author of numerous able works, theological and literary, was born at Paris in 1634, and died near Rouen in 1704.
ARGOTE, Jeronimo Contador d', born in Collares 1676, was one of the earliest members of the Royal Academy of History at Lisbon, and was employed by John V. of Portugal to write a history of the archiepiscopal church at Braga. He has left a work entitled "De Antiquitatibus conventus Bracaraugustani Libri Quatuor, Vernaculo Latinoque Sermone Conscripti," printed in 1728. Argote died in 1749.—J. B.
ARGOTE DE MOLINA, Don Gonzalo, a Spanish soldier, born at Seville in 1549, was distinguished under Philip II. in his wars against the Moors, and also for his contributions to literature. He wrote on hunting, and an account of the noble families of Andalusia. Died in 1590.
ARGOU, Gabriel, born at Vivarais, took his oath as an advocate in the parliament of Paris in 1664, and died some time before 1710. He has left several works, the best known of which is his "Institution au Droit Français," which some have ascribed to the Abbé Fleury, with whom he was on terms of great intimacy.—J. B.
* ARGOUT, Antoine-Maurice-Apollinaire, an able, upright, and laborious French statesman and financier, was born in 1784. Entering at the age of twenty the administrative service, he successively held high preferments during the empire, and after the restoration. Faithful to Charles X. till his abdication, he served under Louis Philippe with equal zeal, and subsequently to 1848 has continued to devote his great powers and experience to the public service. In 1852 he was made a senator.—E. M.
ARGUELLES, Augustine, a Spanish patriot and statesman, was born at Ribadesella, a small town in the Asturias, in 1775. He played a conspicuous part as a liberal royalist, during the revolutionary movement in Spain, and for a time was tutor to the young queen and her sister. Died 1844.
ARGUJO, ARGUIXO, or ARGUISO, Juan de, was born at Seville in the latter half of the sixteenth century. He was a musician as well as a poet, but is remembered now only from Lope de Vega having dedicated some of his works to him.
* ARGYLL, Duke of. See Campbell.
ARGYRAMMOS, Alexander, a passionate lover of the ancient glory of his native country, Greece. He devoted his energies to the compilation and publication of the great Greek Lexicon, called Κιβωτος; the first volume of which appeared in the year 1819.
ARGYROPYLUS, John, a man of great learning, born at Constantinople in the beginning of the fifteenth century, came into Italy as a teacher of Greek in the year 1434. He was so prejudiced in favour of the Grecian philosophy, as to deny all merit to the Latin writers. Under the protection of the Medici, he contributed much to the revival of Greek learning, and published a translation of many of the writings of Aristotle. Died at Rome in the seventieth year of his age, about 1489.—S.
ARGYRUS, Isaac, a Greek monk of the fourteenth century, celebrated as an astronomer. Almost all the most important libraries of Europe contain some of his writings, which have not, however, been considered of sufficient importance to be collected.
ARI or ARA, surnamed Hin Frodi or "The Learned," was born in Iceland in 1068. He was educated under a learned layman, named Hall Thorarinsson, whose instructions he enjoyed till Hall died, at the age of ninety-four. It is supposed that from the conversation of this sage, he acquired much of the knowledge which fitted him for becoming the earliest historian of his native island. It is said that Ari afterwards visited Germany, but this is extremely doubtful. He entered into holy orders, and died in the year 1148. Ari began a book named "Landnamabok," or, a history of the colonization of Iceland, which was completed by subsequent writers. He also wrote the "Islendinga-Bok," which is of great interest to students of the early history of that island. Snorro Sturleson, in his "Heimskringla," speaks of a work by the same author on the kings of Norway, which has however perished.—J. B.
ARIADNE, the daughter of Leo I., and successively the wife of two emperors of Constantinople, Zeno and Anastasius I., lived in the early part of the fifth century. There are conflicting accounts of the incidents of her life among various writers, but all agree that she was a woman of much talent and energy.
ARIÆUS or ARIDÆUS, one of the generals of Cyrus the younger, to whom the Persians, after the battle of Cunaxa, offered the crown. Lived about 400 b.c.
ARIALDUS, a deacon of the Milanese church, took a prominent part in the controversy concerning the celibacy of the priesthood, during the pontificates of Stephen X., Nicholas II., and Alexander II. He was put to death by order of Oliva, a niece of the archbishop of Milan, in the year 1066. Pope Alexander II. caused his name to be added to the calendar.
ARIARATHES, the name of nine kings of Cappadocia, who flourished between 370 and 36 b.c.
Ariarathes I. was the eldest son of Ariamnes, and so loved his brother Holophernes, that he not only exalted him to the highest dignities in the state, but adopted his children as his own. On the death of Alexander the Great, Eumenes went to take possession of Cappadocia, but met with a vigorous repulse from Ariarathes, whom, however, he finally defeated and put to death, with many of his followers, 322 b.c.
Ariarathes II., son of Holophernes. After the death of his uncle, he took refuge, with a few of his friends, in Armenia, until the death of Eumenes, when, being assisted by Ardoates, king of the country, he returned into Cappadocia, and recovered the kingdom, which he left in peace to his eldest son.
Ariarathes III., before he succeeded to the sole possession of the throne, reigned for some years along with his father, Ariarathes II. His wife was Stratonice, a daughter of the king of Syria. He died 220 b.c.
Ariarathes IV., while still a child, succeeded his father, 220 b.c., died 166 b.c. His wife, Antiochis, daughter of Antiochus the Great, being disappointed in her hopes of giving an heir to the throne, imposed upon her husband two supposititious sons, whom she pretended she had borne to him during his absence. Some time afterwards, becoming pregnant herself, she disclosed to Ariarathes the artifice she had practised upon him, and made him send her the elder of her supposed sons to Rome, while the younger was despatched to Ionia, that they might not dispute the succession with her legitimate children.
Ariarathes V., surnamed Philopator, on account of his extraordinary affection for his father, succeeded to the throne 163 b.c. It was during his reign that letters were first introduced into Cappadocia. He left six sons, five of whom were put to death by their mother, Laodice. For this unnatural deed, she in her turn was killed by the exasperated populace, and the youngest child, who had been saved from the fate of his brothers by a relative of his father, was placed on the throne under the title of
