writings against the Roman catholic church. His "Essay upon the Apocalypse" excited great attention at the time, but the opinions advanced in it are by no means satisfactory. An imperfect edition of Abauzit's works was published in London, 1773. He died at Geneva in 1767.—J. T.
ABAZA, Pasha of Bosnia, a general of great military capacity, born in 1617. He revolted against the sultan, Mustapha I., on the pretext of wishing to avenge the murder of Sultan Osman. Abaza was afterwards sent by the Porte, at the head of an army of sixty thousand men, against the Poles; and subsequently against the Persians, but died soon afterwards.
ABBA, a Jewish author, who wrote a work, printed in 1543, explaining the difficult and foreign words in the Talmud. It has been conjectured, and with great probability, that Abba is not the full name of the author, but a contraction, composed of the initial letters of some such name as Abraham Ben Asher.
ABBA ARICA, a learned Jew, better known under the title of Rav, the founder of a celebrated college in the city of Sora, over which he presided till his death in a.d. 243. He was the author of two works called "Siphra" and "Siphri."
ABBA THULLE, sovereign of the Pelew islands, who showed remarkable kindness to Captain Wilson and the crew of the Antelope, after their shipwreck in 1783. His son, a youth of great promise, whom he sent to London for his education, died there of the small-pox in December, 1784. Keate's "Account of the Pelew Islands, from the Journal of Captain Wilson," will be found extremely interesting.—E. M.
ABBACO, Antonio, an Italian architect and engraver of the sixteenth century, disciple of San-Gallo. In 1558 he published a work on architecture, with engravings by himself. He also engraved the plans of St. Peter's from designs by San-Gallo.
ABBACO, Paolo del, a Florentine mathematician and poet of the fourteenth century. He left several unpublished works on arithmetic and algebra, and is said to have been author of the first almanac—the first, at least, that appeared in Italy.
* ABBADIE, Antoine and Arnold Michel d', French naturalists, of Irish extraction, who visited Abyssinia in 1835, and, after spending many years in exploring that kingdom and the adjacent regions, communicated to the Geographical Society of Paris, on their return, the result of their observations; but these have been superseded by the explorations of still more recent travellers.—E. M.
ABBADIE, James, born 1658, was intended tor the ministry among the French protestants, but accepted a proposition from the elector of Brandenburg, to take charge of a French church at Berlin. In 1688, his patron being dead, he accompanied Marshal Schomberg into England and Ireland. He afterwards served the French church in the Savoy, and was eventually, by King William's interest, though he was unacquainted with English, made dean of Killaloe, in possession of which preferment he died, 1727, aged sixty-nine. His works, which were numerous and much thought of in their day, attract no attention now.——J. B., O.
ABBADIE, Petrus, a French preacher of Charenton, about the middle of the seventeenth century, who published some sermons of quaintness and power on the baptism of Christ, &c.
ABBAN, commonly called Saint Abban, son of one of the kings of Leinster in the sixth century. He is said to have been very successful in his efforts to convert the heathen natives.
'ABBAS IBN 'ABDI-L-MUTALIB, uncle of Mahomet, and ancestor of the dynasty of the Abassides. It is usually stated that he was long the determined enemy of his nephew. It has, however, been established, that even when, from necessity or policy, he remained in the ranks of his nephew's adversaries, he was secretly his agent and correspondent, if not yet a believer in his prophetic mission. Captured by his triumphant relative at the battle of Bedr, he obtained his liberty, on paying, for the sake of appearances, a high ransom. Returning to Mecca, he brought about Abou Sofian's submission to Mahomet. He then formally professed his own conversion to the prophet's creed. At the battle of Honein, when the Mussulman army began to give way, Abbas, by his valour and conduct, turned the fortune of the day. He survived his nephew a number of years, and continued to be sincerely esteemed and singularly honoured by Mahomet's followers. Died in 652.—E. M.
ABBAS, Ebu Abbas Abdallah, son of the preceding, was chief of the Sahabah, or companions of the prophet, and author of a commentary on the Koran.
ABBAS. Three shahs of Persia bore this name:—
'Abbas I., seventh of the Súfi dynasty, a prince of remarkable talents and energy, but perfidious and sanguinary, born in 1557. At the death of his father he was governor of Khorassan, and, though only eighteen, declared his independence, and soon afterwards became shah. He greatly extended his kingdom on the north and east by conquest; and, on the west, recovered from the Turks a large territory that formerly belonged to Persia. With the assistance of an English fleet, he took the island of Ormuz from the Portuguese in 1622. The vigour and wisdom of his administration, and his efforts to protect the weak from the tyranny of subordinate functionaries, endeared him to the bulk of his subjects; and his success in war and his great public works, have rendered his name memorable in Persian history. Like most Eastern despots, he tarnished by capricious ferocity whatever was meritorious in his character. From groundless suspicion, he put to death his eldest son. Convinced soon after of his innocence, he ordered the courtier he had employed as executioner, to bring him the head of his own son. Suspecting the khans of Mazenderan of disaffection, he invited them to a banquet, and destroyed them all by a poisoned draught, gazing with delight on their agonies. Died in 1628.
'Abbas II., great-grandson of the preceding, born in 1629, succeeded to the throne at the age of thirteen. He was a patron of the fine arts, excelled in drawing and caligraphy, but was grossly intemperate, and at times wantonly inhuman. Various instances of his revolting cruelty have been recorded. Died in 1666.
'Abbas III., last of the Súfi dynasty, born in 1732, was only eight months old when the usurper Nadir Shah proclaimed him sovereign, and reigned under his name. He died in 1736, and is supposed to have been cut off by the usurper.—E. M.
ABBAS-MIRZA, celebrated for his efforts to introduce into Persia European civilization, born in 1785. He was the third and favourite son of Shah Fatah Ali, who declared him presumptive heir to the crown, to the exclusion of his eldest son Mahommed-Ali-Mirza. It was expected that the death of the shah would be immediately followed by a civil war between his two rival sons, and that the claims of Abbas would be supported by Russia, and those of Mahommed-Ali by Britain. Both princes, however, died before their father; Mahommed-Ali in 1820, and Abbas in 1832. Abbas commanded the army in the wars between Russia and Persia in 1803, 1813, and 1826. He endeavoured to introduce European organization and discipline into the army, and the first printing-press in Persia was established by him. On the death of Abbas, his son, Mahommed-Mirza, was declared crown prince, with the sanction of both Russia and Britain.—E. M.
ABBAS PASHA, viceroy of Egypt, and grandson of the celebrated Mehemet Ali, was born at Yedda in Arabia in 1813, and educated at Cairo; he succeeded his uncle Ibrahim Pasha, who died on the 10th November, 1848. He repaired to Constantinople in January, 1849, where he was solemnly invested by the sultan with the dignity of viceroy of Egypt. He had a great dislike to the introduction of European improvements, and spent his vice-royalty in sensual seclusion and indolence He died of apoplexy in 1854.—E. M.
ABBATE, Andrea, a Neapolitan artist, who assisted Luca Giordano in the decoration of the Escurial in Spain, by executing flowers, fruits, and other ornaments from still life. Died in 1732.
ABBATE, Bocca dell', a Florentine of the time of Dante, who took part with the Guibelines, and is therefore classed by the great poet amongst the traitors to his country.
ABBATE, Dell', or Degli Abbati, an Italian family in the 16th century at Modena, which brought forth several distinguished artists. They are:—
Abbate, Giovanni dell', a good painter and an excellent modeler, died in 1557, father of the more famous—
Abbate, Messer Nicolò dell', who, born in 1509 or 1512, originally studied under his father, and then at Bologna. In this town he executed several good frescos with Pellegrino di Tibaldi, which helped to enlarge his style. When Primaticcio was sent to Italy by Francis I. of France, to gather ancient relics and recruit the best artists for the embellishment of his palaces, Messer Nicolò was persuaded to follow him, and proceeded to France, where he executed, at Fontainebleau, a large number of frescos, from Primaticcio's designs, with very great success. These fine works were unfortunately destroyed in 1738, during some alterations of the palace. They were much admired for grace and elevation of style, and by many were con-
