his system was developed, the stronger and more determined was the hostility which it called forth. The synod of Dort, which was convoked on the 13th of November, 1618, and continued its sittings till the 9th of May, 1619, solemnly condemned the "five articles" in which the Remonstrants, as they were now called, expressed their views; and two hundred Arminian clergy were cast out of the national church. The writings of Arminius were collected and published at Leyden in 1629; and his life was written by Caspar Brandt, and also by Peter Bertius, the latter of whom went over, at a later period, to the church of Rome. This incident served to illustrate and confirm a charge which was sometimes laid against the Arminian views, that they had a strong affinity, in some points, with the theology of Rome—an affinity which has recently been acknowledged by the able Romanist, Möhler, in his "Symbolik;" while the example of Clericus, or Jean le Clerc, and others who, in the following century, became professors of the seminary of the Remonstrants in Amsterdam, no less verified the tendency which was often imputed to Arminianism by its opponents—to land its disciples in the fatal extremes of Rationalism and Socinianism.—P. L.
* ARMITAGE, Edward, a living English painter, of great and original talents. He studied in Paris under Delaroche. He has painted, amongst several fine works, some frescos for the new houses of Parliament, with very great success.—R. M.
ARMONVILLE, Jean Baptiste, a member of the national convention, was born in 1756, and died in 1808.
ARMSTRONG, a famous border clan, who, from a very early period, possessed great part of Liddesdale and of the debatable land. They were distinguished, along with their neighbours the Elliots, as the most lawless of all the freebooting hordes. Their favourite retreat was the Tarras Moss—a desolate morass where they often baffled their pursuers. We find them in great strength at the time of Elizabeth's death making a raid into England as far as Penrith, where, however, they were so totally defeated by James VI. that they never recovered the blow. Several members of this clan figure largely in popular tradition, and in the old ballad literature of the border. We notice—
Armstrong, Archie, a member of the clan, became jester at the English court, but was in 1637 dismissed in disgrace because his wit offended Archbishop Laud.
Armstrong, Johnie, of Gilnochie, who was brother of the laird of Mangertoun chief of the clan, occupied a tower the ruins of which are still pointed out near the town of Langholm. His name was a terror over all the border, and his ravages extended as far south as Newcastle. In 1529, James V. set out on an expedition against the lawless march-men. Armstrong and a number of his followers presented themselves before the king to make a profession of loyalty. They were, however, received as outlaws and condemned to death. This scene forms the subject of one of the most spirited of the border ballads collected by Sir Walter Scott.
Armstrong, William, of Kininmonth, or Kinmont Willie, also claims descent from this clan. The ballad which bears his name is, perhaps, the finest in all the literature of the border. It details how he had been treacherously seized by the English warden, Lord Scroope, imprisoned in Carlisle, and condemned to death. The Scottish keeper. Lord Buccleuch, after finding negotiation of no avail, made a raid upon Carlisle, entered the castle, and, without doing further harm, carried off the bold freebooter in safety. The name of Kinmont Willie was proverbial all over the borders. On one occasion there was a royal expedition to Dumfries against him and another riever named Maxwell, which had, however, no success.
Armstrong, William, known as Christie's Will, occupied the tower of Gilnochie during the reign of Charles I. His name is connected in tradition with the famous carrying off of Lord Durie, president of the Court of Session, till a case was decided in favour of the Earl of Traquair, to whose interests the president was opposed. Christie's Will was the last border freebooter of any note.—(Scott's Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border.)—J. B.
ARMSTRONG, Francis, a physician of Uppingham, in Rutlandshire, who discovered a vegetable green paint, and died in 1789.
ARMSTRONG, George, a physician, established in London a dispensary for the relief of the infant poor. Died in 1781.
ARMSTRONG, John, an English military engineer, who died in 1758, the author of a history of the Isle of Minorca.
ARMSTRONG, John, M.D., a poet, and the friend of Mallet, Young, and Thomson, was born in 1709 at Castleton, in Liddesdale, Roxburghshire, the parish of which his father was minister. He received his early education at the parish school, and then entered the university of Edinburgh, where he took his degree in medicine with honours. He was always noted for his versifying tendency, though he kept rather too closely by his model and master, the bard of Winter. It was, however, through his intimacy with Thomson he was induced to try his success as an author, and in 1735 was persuaded to publish "An Essay for abridging the Study of Physic,"—a burlesque on the quackery and the low state of medical education of the period. In 1737 he came forth in a professional work of some celebrity, and immediately thereafter in "The Economy of Love," a poem, chiefly remarkable for its indecency, which had the effect of dislodging Armstrong from his position as a practitioner. His great work, "The Art of Preserving Health," a poem in four books, appeared in 1744, and soon gained a wide popularity. He was now employed as surgeon in a military hospital; and through the favour of Wilkes, some years later, he was sent out to Germany as physician to the forces. In this capacity he continued till the close of the war, and returned to London in 1763. He spent his time in occasional practice, varied by literary pursuits, sending forth a "Collection of Miscellanies," or a "Volume of Essays," or an abortive "Tragedy," or "Sketches of Travel." Though his income was limited, he left about £3000 at his death, which happened 7th September, 1779. His main claim to notice as a poet rests on his poem on "Health," which, according to Wharton, is distinguished for its classical correctness and closeness of style. It is a kind of dictionary of domestic medicine in blank verse, containing much learning, much information, much medical and moral philosophy, but without much original power either of poetical conception or execution. Thomson, in his luxurious way, has hit off Armstrong's likeness in his Castle of Indolence, canto i., stanza ix.; while Armstrong has given a medical finish to the same canto, by contributing the stanzas that follow the seventy-fourth.—W. B., D.
ARMSTRONG, John, a physician who was born in 1784, at Ayres Quay, near Sunderland, and at the age of sixteen was apprenticed to a surgeon of Monkwearmouth. He afterwards entered as a medical student at the university of Edinburgh, and commencing to practise in his native town, became very popular. He afterwards removed to London, where he continued to prosper. Armstrong was a disciple of the "Sangrado" school, and made vigorous use of the lancet, ascribing most diseases to inflammation. Amongst his numerous works, the principal are—"Facts and Observations relating to Puerperal Fever;" "Illustrations of Typhus Fever;" "Illustrations of the Scarlet Fever, Measles," &c. He died in 1829.—J. W. S.
ARMSTRONG, John, D.D., first bishop of Graham's Town, South Africa, was born August 22nd, 1813, at Bishopwearmouth, in the county of Durham, where his father was an eminent physician. He was educated, first at the Charterhouse School in London, and then at Lincoln College, Oxford; taking his degree of B.A. in 1836. In 1843 he was presented to the rectory of St. Paul's, Exeter, and shortly afterwards married the eldest daughter of Edward Whitmore, Esq. Two years later (by an exchange of livings), he became vicar of Tidenham in Gloucestershire, and was consecrated bishop of Graham's Town on St. Andrew's day, 1853, by Archbishop Sumner, in the parish church of Lambeth. He was a contributor to the "British Critic," the "Christian Remembrancer," the "English Review," and the "Quarterly," and edited the "Tracts for the Christian Seasons," "Tracts for Parochial Use," and "Sermons for the Christian Seasons," published by Parker of Oxford, which met with great success. Exemplary as a parish priest, he became still more conspicuous for his devotedness as a colonial bishop. The same energy and earnest piety which characterized his efforts in the cause of female penitents in England, were displayed in the more arduous undertaking on which he entered, of endeavouring to evangelize the Kafirs in South Africa; and he died amid the loudly-expressed regrets of all classes, at Graham's Town, on the 16th May, 1856.—R. S. O.
ARMSTRONG, Mostyn, an English geographer of the last century, of whom little is known.
ARMSTRONG, Sir Thomas, a native of Nymegen in Holland, was, during Cromwell's days, a firm adherent to the royal cause. After the Restoration, he was attached to the fortunes
