never vain of the moral virtues." At the age of fifty-five, he retired from the world to the solitude of Port-Royal des Champs. Among his publications were:—Translations of the Confessions of St. Augustine; A History of the Jews; Lives of the Holy Fathers; The works St. Theresa; Memoirs of his Life; A Poem on the Life of Christ, &c. His eldest son, Arnauld D'Andilly, at first followed the profession of arms, but afterwards resided with his uncle the bishop of Angers. He died in 1698, and left a volume of memoirs, published in 1756.—P. E. D.
ARNAULD de Tintignac, or Cotignac a Provençal troubadour of the fourteenth century, who was a protégé of Louis king of Sicily.
ARNAULD de Villeneuve or ARNALDUS de Villanova, born about 1235 or 1240, the place of whose birth is uncertain, although supposed by some to be Villeneuve in Narbonne. He taught medicine and alchemy at Barcelona, and, in 1285, became court physician to Peter III., king of Arragon, but did not long retain this office, in consequence of having, for his opinions, suffered excommunication. He then took refuge in Paris, and afterwards betook himself to Montpellier, where he occupied the place of regent of the faculty of medicine. He subsequently went to Florence, Bologna, Naples, and lastly Palermo, where he placed himself under the protection of Frederic II., being alarmed lest the opinions he had published on some matters relating to theology and the church should expose him to the wrath of the inquisition. Arnauld appears to have been occupied in political matters from 1310 to 1313, and especially in conducting a negotiation between the king of Sicily and the king of Naples. In 1313, Clement V., while suffering from an attack of gravel, summoned him from Sicily to Avignon, as the most skilful physician he could obtain. The ship, however, in which he set sail to France, was wrecked, and Arnauld perished; he was buried at Genoa in 1313. Arnauld may be justly considered, not only as one of the most learned physicians, but as one of the most accomplished scholars of the age in which he lived. The best edition of his works is that of Basle, fol. 1585.—F.
ARNAULT, Lucien Emile, a French dramatic author; was born in 1787. He held some important offices under the empire, and has since been honoured with various magisterial appointments. Several of his tragedies:—"Pertinax," "Pierre de Portugal," "Le dernier jour de Tibere," and "Catherine de Medicis," have been frequently represented.—J. S., G.
ARNAULT, Vincent Antoine, a French dramatist, born at Paris in 1766; on his return to France, after the reign of terror, attached himself to Napoleon, who employed him in the government of the Ionian islands, and throughout the times of the empire treated him with marked affection. He was in exile at Brussels from 1815 till 1819, and died at Paris in 1834. Besides a number of tragedies frequently represented, and some miscellaneous pieces in prose and verse, Arnault published—"La Vie politique et militaire de Napoleon," 1822; and "Les Souvenirs d'un Sexagenaire," 1833.—J. S., G.
ARNAVON, François, a French theologian, born in 1740 at a village near the famous fountain of Vaucluse, was the author of a controversial treatise, entitled "Discours Apologétique de la religion Chrétienne," 1773; and of three works connected with the history of his birth-place:—1. "Voyage à Vaucluse;" 2. "Petrarque à Vaucluse," 1803; 3. "Retour de la fontaine de Vaucluse," 1805.—J. S., G.
ARNAY, Johannes Rudolphus d', a Swiss antiquarian, born at Milden in 1710, became professor of history and belles-lettres at Lausanne in 1734, and died in 1766. His principal work is "Histoire ou traité de la vie privée des Romains," 1752.
ARND, Christian, professor of logic at Rostock, born 1623, died 1653; wrote "Dissertatio de philosophia veterum," Rostock, 1650; "Discursus politicus de principiis constituentibus et conservantibus rempublicam," 1651; and "De vero usu logicæ in theologia," 1850.
ARND, Joshua, a German theologian, antiquarian, philosopher and poet, brother of Christian Arnd, was born at Gustrow, on the 9th September, 1626. He succeeded his brother as professor of logic at Rostock in 1653; but in 1656 resigned his chair to assume the duties of pastor in his native town. Of his numerous works the following may be mentioned:—1. "Manuale Legum Mosaicarum," 1666; 2. "Antiquitatum Judaicarum Clavis," 1710; 3. "Memoria Martini Lutheri, Carmine Heroica Celebrata," 1668.—J. S., G.
ARND, Karl, a German author, born 1673; died 1721. He was professor of poetry and Hebrew at Rostock, and has left among other works, "Bibliotheca Politico-heraldica," Leipzig, 1705; "Bibliotheca Aulico-politica," Rostock, 1706.
ARNDT, Ernst Moritz, a distinguished German patriot, the author of numerous works, chiefly of a political character, and of various lyrics which have become highly popular in his native country, was born on the 26th December, 1769, at Schoritz, in the island of Rügen. He was originally intended for the church, and studied theology and philosophy at Greifswald and Jena. Relinquishing the clerical career, he became, in 1806, professor extraordinarius at Greifswald, where he read lectures on history. While at Greifswald, he published his "Geschichte der Leibeigenschaft in Pommern und Rügen," (History of Serfdom in Pommeran and Rügen,) a work which excited much animosity against Arndt among the German nobility. In 1807 appeared the first volume of his "Geist der Zeit," (Spirit of the Time,) which contained such vehement attacks on Napoleon, that its author was forced, after the battle of Jena, to flee to Stockholm, where he remained till 1809, when he returned to Germany, resuming, in 1810, his duties at Greifswald. He gave up his chair, however, in 1811, and on the approach of the war of 1812, withdrew to Russia. This year, and those immediately following, embrace the most important period of Arndt's patriotic activity. His political tracts, full of a fiery eloquence, and scattered in thousands over the length and breadth of the country, greatly contributed to elevate the national consciousness of the Germans, and to inflame popular indignation against the French yoke. His "Der Rhein, Deutschland's Strom aber nicht Deutschland's Grenze," (The Rhine Germany's Stream, but not Germany's Boundary,) the "Soldatencatechismus," (Soldier's Catechism,) and "Über Landwehr und Landsturm," (On Militia and a General Rising,) deserve to be specially mentioned. To this period also belong his best poems, among others, the noble ode "Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland?" (What is the German Fatherland?) which has now become almost the German national anthem, and is certainly worthy the honour. In 1818 he was appointed to the professorship of modern history in the university of Bonn; but he had not been a year in this post when his unabated zeal for the popular cause drew upon him the suspicions and the active hostility of those in power. He was suspended from his office, legal proceedings were instituted against him, and, though acquitted, he was compelled to retire into private life, his salary being continued to him. Twenty years later, Arndt received permission to resume lecturing from King Frederick William IV., a boon of moderate value, now that the best years of his life were past. In 1848, Professor Arndt, who still continued to take an active interest in public affairs, was one of the deputies from Rhenish Prussia to the German National Assembly at Frankfort, which he quitted on the 21st May, 1849, along with the rest of the Gagern or constitutional party. The latest occasion on which Arndt took up his pen in behalf of German nationality was, we believe, at the time of the war in Schleswig-Holstein, when he published what he termed "The Last Words of Ernst Moritz Arndt of Rügen," a singularly stirring and vigorous appeal to the country, which showed that his heart still glowed with its old fervour. In 1851, Arndt, though upwards of fourscore, was still lecturing with wonderful vigour and animation once a week during the summer session in Bonn, where the writer of the present notice saw his class-room filled with an enthusiastic audience of students, whose affection and reverence the aged patriot doubtless felt to be a higher honour than the tardy ribbon of the Rothe Adler, conferred on him in 1842. Some of the principal works of Professor Arndt, not already mentioned, are "Nebenstunden, eine Beschreibung und Geschichte der Schottländischen Inseln und der Orkaden," (Byehours, a description and history of the Scottish Islands, and of the Orkneys,) Leipzig, 1826; "Versuch in Vergleichenden Völkergeschichten," (An Essay in Parallel National Histories,) second edition, Leipzig, 1831; "Schriften für und an Seine lieben Deutschen," 3 vols., Leipzig, 1845, a collection of his best fugitive political pieces. His "Erinnerungen aus dem äussern Leben," third edition, Leipzig, 1842, is to a certain extent an autobiography. A new selection from his poems was published at Leipzig in 1850. He died, January 30, 1860.—A. M.
ARNDT, Gottfried August, professor of political economy at Leipzig during forty years, was born in 1748, and died in
