property during the war with France, he fled to Frankfort-on-the-Maine, where he was made rector of the gymnasium. Died 1717. He is author, among other works, of "Fortsetzung der Einleitung Puffendorf's in die Historie der Europæischen Staaten," (Continuation of Puffendorf's Introduction to the History of the European States), Frankfort, 1703.—A. M.
ARNOLD, Johann-Gottfried, a musician of Germany, born at Niedernhall, near Œhringen, in 1773. He was devoted to his art from an early period of life, and gained extraordinary skill as a violinist and composer. He possessed a high reputation throughout Germany, and died at the early age of thirty-four, in 1806, leaving many musical works of merit.—F.
ARNOLD, John, noted for his improvements on the construction of the marine chronometer, was born at Bodmin, in Cornwall, in 1744. He lived for some time in Holland, and on his return to England gained a living as an itinerant repairer of clocks and watches, but was soon induced by a gentleman who had marked his abilities, to settle in London. He was patronized by George III., who gave him £100 to enable him to make some experiments, and was afterwards assisted by the Board of Longitude. He found employment in making chronometers for the ships in the service of the East India Company. The chief improvements which Arnold introduced are known as the detached escapement and the expansion-balance. The principle of this last has been since found inadequate. In 1780 he published an account of thirteen months' observation on the going of a pocket chronometer: indeed, this study occupied his constant attention till his death in 1799. In 1806, the Board of Longitude published "Explanations of time-keepers constructed by Mr. Thomas Earnshaw, and the late Mr. John Arnold."—J. B.
ARNOLD, Joseph, an English physician, born in 1783. He entered the navy as surgeon in 1808, and having served till 1814, devoted himself, during a voyage to Botany Bay, to the study of natural history, and subsequently, during his stay in Java, made a rich collection of natural objects. He bequeathed his museum of shells and fossils to the Linnæan Society, and died in 1818.—F.
ARNOLD of Lalaing, a Flemish chronicler of the fifteenth century, abbot of St. Marie at Bruges.
ARNOLD, Luydius or a Lyde, a Flemish theologian of the sixteenth century, an opponent of Reuchlin.
* ARNOLD, Matthew, a living English poet, the eldest son of the late Dr. Arnold, was born on the 24th December, 1822, and educated at Winchester and Rugby. He was elected scholar of Balliol College, Oxford, in 1840; obtained the Newdegate prize for an English prize poem in 1844, and was elected fellow of Oriel College in the following year. In 1846, and for some years afterwards, he was employed as private secretary to Lord Lansdowne. In 1851 he married Frances, daughter of Mr. Justice Wightman, and about the same time was appointed one of H.M. Inspectors of British Schools; which office he held till the year 1857, when he was elected by Convocation Professor of Poetry at Oxford, in succession to Professor Garbett. Mr. Arnold has, during the last few years, published several volumes of poetry. His verse is always calm, chaste, and noble. There is a certain antique stateliness and self-possession about his thoughts, in striking contrast with much of the poetry of the day; the march of his numbers is fine and strong, deepening at times, in the more important passages, into a composed majesty and solemnity.—A. S.
ARNOLD of Meldorp, a German divine of the 12th century.
ARNOLD, Nicholas, a divine and polemic of the Reformed church, born at Lesna in Poland, in 1618. He was first rector of the academy of Jablonow, then visited various universities both on the Continent and in England. Finally, in 1651, he succeeded Cocceius, at Franeker, as professor of theology, discharging at the same time the duties of university preacher. Controversy was his element, and Socinianism his special abhorrence. His commentary on the Hebrews is of little use, though once prized highly. The book he is best known by is the famous "Lux in Tenebris," two volumes quarto; and it bristles all over with assaults on all manner of heresy—now the Socinian, and now the Anabaptist, then the papist, and then the Arminian. His pugnacity seems to have been constitutional, and was supported with no little dexterity and erudition. But texts are frequently strained, and conclusions are cleverly fastened on an adversary which his premises will scarcely warrant. Arnold died on the 15th October, 1680.—J. E.
ARNOLD, Olorinus or Cygnæus, a Dutch theologian, whose original name was Swaens. Persecuted for his religious opinions in the Netherlands, he sought security at Bois-le-Duc, where he wrote several works; he died in 1622.
ARNOLD, Richard, an English chronicler of the latter half of the fifteenth century, author of a work known as Arnold's Chronicle, in which is contained a curious and interesting account of the city of London from the time of Richard I., the first edition of which appeared at Antwerp in 1502.
ARNOLD of Rotterdam, or Geilhoven, a Dutch theologian and casuist of the fifteenth century.
ARNOLD, Samuel, an English musician, born in London on the 10th of August, 1740. His first musical instructor was Mr. Gates, and his education was completed by Dr. Nares, both organists of the chapel-royal; but it must always be considered that his acquaintance with Handel, who lived till Arnold was nearly nineteen years' old, was not without its influence upon the development of his capacity. Having already obtained considerable popularity by the publication of some single songs, in 1763 he was engaged by Mr. Beard (the tenor singer, whose name is famous in connection with many of Handel's oratorios, in which he was the original singer), who was one of the proprietors of Covent Garden theatre, as musical director of that establishment, and he wrote his opera of "The Maid of the Mill," as the first duty of his appointment. In 1767 he set Dr. Brown's poem of "The Cure of Saul "as an oratorio, which was produced with remarkable success, during the Lenten season, at Covent Garden theatre. This induced him to continue these serial performances, and to produce for them, in succeeding years, several other works of the same character. In 1769 he became lessee of Marylebone gardens, at which he produced many songs that acquired general popularity; but the rascality of his principal agent in this enterprise, made him a loser by it to the amount of ten thousand pounds. In 1773 his latest and most successful oratorio of "The Prodigal Son," was chosen for performance at the installation of Lord North as chancellor of Oxford, where it created so great a sensation, that he was offered the honorary degree of doctor of music, which, however, he refused, preferring to earn this distinction by writing an exercise for the purpose, and submitting it to the professor of music, in fulfilment of the university statutes. Accordingly, he set Hughes' ode, "The Power of Music," the score of which was returned to him unopened, by Dr. W. Hayes, the professor, with a protest that he could not criticise a production of the author of "The Prodigal Son," and thus his degree became doubly honorary. This is a striking illustration of the state of music in England at the time, since we have nothing left us but the record of these interdoctorial courtesies to prove even the existence of a work of which the merit, then so extravagantly extolled, has been all insufficient to carry it down to us. In 1776 he was engaged by George Colman the elder, as musical director of the Haymarket theatre, which led to his close intimacy with this esteemed dramatist, and also with his still more popular son, who succeeded his father in the management, and for many of whose dramatic pieces Dr. Arnold wrote the music. On the death of Dr. Nares in 1783, he succeeded him as organist and composer to the chapel-royal, in which capacity he had occasion to write his services, anthems, and other church music, much of which was never published. At the commemoration of Handel in Westminster Abbey the year following, he officiated as sub-conductor. In 1786 he commenced the publication by subscription, under the special patronage of George III., of his edition of the works of Handel; the incompleteness of this is attributed to the falling off among the subscribers of interest in the undertaking, and the consequent insufficiency of means to carry it beyond forty volumes; but its incorrectness can be ascribed to nothing but the carelessness of the editor, and it will always be a stigma upon his name. About the same time he issued his collection of "Cathedral Music," in four volumes, in continuation of that of Dr. Boyce, a compilation of great utility. In 1789 he became conductor of the concerts of the Academy of Ancient Music. In 1793 he was offered the organistship of Westminster Abbey, which he declined on the score of his numerous avocations disabling him to discharge the duties of the office; but the dean, himself a pluralist, was so anxious to have the doctor's name, that he overcame his conscientious scruples, by allowing him to perform the official functions by deputy. In 1776 he became conductor of the annual performance of sacred music in St.
