Paul's cathedral, for the benefit of the sons of the clergy, which was one of the chief sources of income to that venerable charity, until, in 1843, the bishop of London prohibited it on the grounds of its inappropriateness to the religious character of the edifice. Upon the death of Mr. Stanley, he undertook, in conjunction with Linley, the direction of the Lenten oratorios at Drury Lane theatre, which proved a lucrative speculation, until Mr. Ashley opposed them by his miscellaneous performances at Covent Garden, which continued in vogue under subsequent managers, until the throwing open of the theatres for the drama, on the Wednesdays and Fridays of Lent, put an end to those artistic abominations, which did the last and perhaps the greatest injury to the cause of music in this country prior to the regeneration of the art among us, which is now working with manifest results. Dr. Arnold, however, resumed his series of oratorios at the Haymarket, and for these performances, besides writing some original compositions, he compiled the hash of pieces from the forgotten works of Handel, that he called Redemption (in reference, possibly, to the purpose of redeeming much good music from oblivion), by means of which many of the most passionate love-songs from the master's Italian operas have been made familiar to the last half century with the sacred words the doctor fitted to the notes, with sacrilegious disregard of their inappropriateness to the sentiment. He formed the design of establishing a theatre in London for the performance of English operas, and of associating this with a musical academy; and to this end he built the Lyceum theatre in the Strand, to produce operas and operettas only, but the opposition of the proprietors of the patent threatres prevented a license being granted to this establishment until 1809, when it was opened as the English Opera House by his son, S. J. Arnold, the dramatic author. Dr. Arnold's death was occasioned by a fall from a chair when reaching for a book in his library, which broke his knee, and induced a lingering illness, that terminated on the 22nd of October, 1802. He is buried in Westminster Abbey, and his funeral obsequies, for which Dr. Callcott composed an anthem, were performed with great solemnity. The vast number of his operas and smaller dramatic pieces; his pantomimes, his profusion of separate songs, and other pieces of chamber vocal music; his sonatas, concertos, and other instrumental compositions; his odes, his voluminous music for the church, and his seven oratorios, not to speak of the two extensive publications he edited, his two ecclesiastical and his two theatrical engagements, and his endeavours to establish an English lyric theatre, sufficiently prove his indefatigable industry, and we may say, his earnest zeal in the cause of music; but we look in vain for evidence of his talents, for his church music is of an insipid character; his oratorios are dead, and though many of the dramatic pieces for which he wrote, retained, until lately, possession of the stage, it was either with the omission of the music, or with such utter disregard to it, as showed that it had no share in preserving their popularity. A list of his works may be found in the Harmonicum.—(Harmonicon. Biog. Dict. Mus. Fètis, Schilling, and original sources.)—G. A. M.
ARNOLD or ARNOLDUS, Saxo, a German hagiologist of the eleventh century.
ARNOLD of Schyk, a landamman of Uri, who lived in the fifteenth century, and fell at the battle of St. Jacobs.—J. W. S.
ARNOLD, Thomas, a Scottish physician, born in 1742. He devoted himself to the investigation of mental diseases, and published "Observations on the nature, kinds, causes, and prevention of Insanity," London, 1782. He died in 1816.
ARNOLD, Thomas, one of the most distinguished divines and historians of the present century, was born at East Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, on the 13th June, 1795. His father, the original seat of whose family was Lowestoft, in Suffolk, was then residing in the Isle of Wight in the capacity of collector of customs for the port of Cowes. His mother was a Miss Delafield, daughter of Joseph Delafield, Esq., of Camden Hill. He was named Thomas after Lord Bolton, his godfather, then governor of the island. After being educated at Warminster and Winchester, he entered the university of Oxford in 1811, having obtained a scholarship at Corpus Christi college. He took a first class at the degree-examination in 1814, and was elected fellow of Oriel college the following year. He also gained the bachelor's prize for an English essay on colonization. He made many valuable friends at the university, of most of whom he retained the intimacy through life, while of none did he ever lose the respect. At Corpus he became acquainted with the present Judge Coleridge, and with Keble, the author of the "Christian Year;" at Oriel, with Copleston, late bishop of Llandaff; Davison, author of a well-known work on prophecy; and Dr. Whately, archbishop of Dublin. A letter from Judge Coleridge, inserted in Stanley's life of Dr. Arnold, gives a graphic account of Arnold's college life. We see him, scarcely emerged from boyhood, a thin light figure, with an eye indicating daring and decision, eagerly taking the democratic side in the debates of the common room, yet by nature so full of modesty and reverence, that the example and arguments of his seniors soon led him, for a time, to ultra-Toryism; passionately fond of country walks and of bathing; entering heartily into all the studies of the place, particularly Aristotle, whom he always held in singular veneration, yet no less eagerly reading the works and drinking in the peculiar tone of thought of the poets of the Lake school, to whom some of his Oxford friends introduced him.
Arnold remained at Oxford, taking pupils, and studying in the college libraries till the year 1819, when, in anticipation of his marriage, he settled at Laleham, near Staines, in Middlesex. In August, 1820, he married Mary Penrose, youngest daughter of the Rev. John Penrose, rector of Fledborough in Nottinghamshire. He had been ordained deacon in the established church the year before. Previously to his ordination, he seems to have been troubled by distressing scruples with reference to subscription to the Thirty-nine Articles, which principally took the form of objections to portions of the Athanasian creed. This led to his deferring taking priest's orders till 1828; and when he did so, it was not till after he had distinctly explained to the ordaining bishop the sense in which he subscribed to that creed. But whatever was the exact nature of his doubts, they entirely passed away, and never recurred in the course of his after life.
He supported himself at Laleham, by preparing private pupils for the universities. The same quality of inspiring feelings of warm and lasting attachment which had belonged to him as a student, followed him now as a tutor. Among his pupils were Archdeacon Ormerod and Dr. Hamilton, the present bishop of Salisbury. He remained at Laleham for nine years, and here his six eldest children were born. At the end of that time, the urgent solicitation of his friend Dr. Whately, who was anxious to see him in a wider field of usefulness, induced him to offer himself as a candidate for the head-mastership of Rugby school, in Warwickshire. Prior to this time the school had enjoyed but little reputation; and that little was of an undesirable kind. Mr. Disraeli, in "Vivian Grey," one of his earliest productions, makes his youthful hero decidedly object to being sent to Rugby:—"It was too low." In one of Arnold's testimonials—a letter from Dr. Hawkins, now provost of Oriel college—it was predicted, that if he were elected he would change the face of education all through the public schools of England. This letter and similar ones from other competent persons, seem to have decided the trustees, and they appointed him at once to the vacant office. He entered upon it in August, 1828, and from that time till his death in 1842, he was incessantly engaged in the work of directing and perfecting the institution, which, in his view, was nothing more nor less than a mighty piece of social machinery, directed to important moral and intellectual ends, and requiring constantly the eye and hand of the conductor to remove obstacles, to sustain it in powerful working, and to keep it true to the destination to which he had designed it.
Arnold's work as an educator was the most important part of his life. It is in this sphere that the immediate results flowing from his influence and example have been most extensive. We shall therefore analyse it at some length. Before he went to Rugby, the education given at the great public schools of the country—Eton, Harrow, Winchester, Westminster, &c—was by no means in high repute. Religious people condemned it for its demoralizing effects upon the characters of the boys, and philosophical reformers derided it for its inefficiency as an intellectual discipline. The evils of the system were doubtless great; but in order to a better appreciation of the value of Arnold's work, a distinction must be drawn between those evils which were inherent in the system itself, and those which were accidental. The discipline of English public schools differs from that prevailing in the corresponding institutions on the Continent chiefly in this respect, that, except while actually receiving instruction, the boys are left very much to themselves to form their own friendships, frame their own code of morals, and erect their own
