map and globe maker. In 1790 he published a large map of the world on Mercator's projection, which soon became very popular. A map of the world on the globular projection, with a volume of explanatory matter, and a map of northern America, soon followed, and won for him a European reputation. His map of Scotland in 1807, for the first time represented the geography of that country with any approach to accuracy. His maps, though, of course, inferior to those of the present day, were a striking improvement upon all his predecessors. He died in 1823.—J. W. S.
ARROWSMITH, John, D.D., a Puritan minister and writer, was born at Gateshead, near Newcastle-on-Tyne, on 29th March, 1602. He was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, which he entered in 1618; he took his A.B. degree in 1619, and his M.A. in 1623, when he was elected fellow of Catherine Hall. After some years' residence as a fellow, he became university preacher in 1630, and in the following year removed to Lynn, in Norfolk, where, after serving for some time as a curate, he became minister of St. Nicholas' church. In 1633 he took the degree of B.D, and in January, 1647 [1648], he was made D.D. When the assembly of divines was convened in 1643, he was appointed to sit in it as member for Norfolk, and he seems to have taken an active part in the business of the assembly. He was one of those intrusted with the drawing up of the assembly's catechism; and he was selected to be one of a committee, appointed in 1644, to treat with the commissioners of the church of Scotland upon agreement in matters of religion. After being some time preacher at St. Martin's, Ironmonger-lane, London, he was appointed to the mastership of St. John's college, Cambridge. A few years after he was vice-chancellor of the university. In 1651 he was made Regius professor of divinity, with which appointment he received the rectory of Somersham; and in 1653 he became master of Trinity college. When Cromwell's "Triers" were appointed to sit in judgment on every presentee to a church, benefice, or cure, so that only such a one as they approved to be, "for the grace of God in him, his holy and unblamable conversation, as also for his knowledge and utterance, able and fit to preach the gospel," should be inducted, Arrowsmith was one of their number. In 1655 the state of his health led him to resign the divinity professorship; but he retained the mastership of Trinity college till his death, which took place in February, 1658-9, in the fifty-seventh year of his age. He was buried in the college chapel. Arrowsmith was a man of learning and acuteness, and secured the esteem of his cotemporaries, as well by his amiable spirit and unblemished character as by his abilities. His works are chiefly polemical. The most important are "Tactica Sacra, sive de Milite Spirituali Pugnante, Vincente, et Triumphante Dissertatio," 4to, 1657; "Armilla Catachetica: A Chain of Principles, or an Orderly Concatenation of Theological Aphorisms and Exercitations, wherein the Chief Heads of the Christian Religion are asserted and improved," 4to, 1659, 8vo, 1822; "Theanthropos: An Exposition of the First Eighteen Verses of the First Chapter of the Gospel according to St. John," 1660.—W. L. A.
ARROY, Besian, a French ecclesiastic of the 17th century, author of a few works, chiefly apologetic and historical.
ARROYO, Diego d', a Spanish painter, celebrated for his miniatures; died a.d. 1551. Another d'Arroyo, Juan, was one of the founders of the Seville academy in the 17th century.
ARRUNTIUS commanded the left wing of the fleet of Octavianus at the battle of Actium 31 b.c., and was consul 22 b.c. His son Arruntius was consul 6 b.c.
ARRUNTIUS, a physician at Rome in the first century, who, according to Pliny, realised by his practice no less than 250,000 sesterces (nearly £2000) per annum.
ARSACES, the classical and historic name of several Parthian and Armenian kings (Pers., Arschak; Arm., Arschag). They are not easily distinguishable from each other, but the order seems to have been as follows:—
Arsaces I., surnamed The Brave, founded the Parthian dynasty about 250 b.c. Roused by an insult from the satrap of Antiochus II., and taking advantage of that monarch's war with Egypt, he persuaded the Parthians to cast off the Syrian yoke, and assumed the dignity of an independent sovereign at Hecatompylus; but, according to Arrian, survived only two years.
Arsaces, Tiridates, brother of the preceding, was the next monarch of the new kingdom. His struggle with Seleucus Callinicus, who attempted to recover Parthia, was terminated by the disastrous defeat and capture of the Syrian king, 238 b.c.; from which some date the era of the Arsacidæ.
Arsaces, Artabanus I., succeeded his father Tiridates, 217 b.c. He attempted to add Media to his dominions; but Antiochus the Great recovered that province, and, invading Parthia, compelled Artabanus to accept a treaty of peace, in which the latter bound himself to aid the Syrians against the Bactrians.
Arsaces, Priapatius, son of Artabanus, succeeded to the throne; but of his reign there is almost nothing known.
Arsaces, Phraates I., son of Priapatius, distinguished his short reign by the conquest of the Mardi, a warlike people near the Caspian Sea.
Arsaces, Mithridates I., brother of the preceding, has the reputation of an amiable and enterprising sovereign. The Bactrians and Medes were compelled to submit to him, and he extended his conquests even into India. Afterwards assailed by Demetrius Nicator, king of Syria, he defeated the invader, and took him prisoner, but treated him with great generosity, giving him his sister in marriage, and aiding him to recover some revolted provinces of his Syrian empire.
Arsaces, Phraates II., son and successor of Mithridates I., defeated Antiochus VII. of Syria; but lost his life in resisting the aggressions of a Scythian army which he had invited into his territories to aid him against the Syrians.
Arsaces, Artabanus II., uncle of the preceding, was slain in a war with one of the Scythian tribes.
Arsaces, Mithridates II., surnamed The Great, was the son of Artabanus II. He extended considerably the boundaries of his kingdom; and it was during his reign that the Romans and the Parthians first came into contact, 92 b.c.
Arsaces Mnascires, and Arsaces Sanatrœces, were the tenth and eleventh kings of the dynasty, but nothing certain is known of them.
Arsaces, Phraates III., surnamed Theos, reigned during the third war of the Romans against Mithridates of Pontus, 70 b.c. Solicited by both parties, he vacillated, temporised, and remained in a great measure neutral. He was assassinated by his two sons, who succeeded him.
Arsaces, Mithridates III., was dethroned for tyranny, or, according to some, driven from the throne by his brother Orodes.
Arsaces, Orodes I., defeated Crassus, and thrice invaded Syria. But the Romans proved too strong for him, and chagrin, added to the infirmities of age, led him to abdicate in favour of his son Phraates, by whom he was put to death 37 b.c.
Arsaces, Phraates IV., successfully resisted the invasion of Parthia by Antony. His reign was afterwards disturbed by the rebellion of Tiridates; and his youngest son fell into the hands of Augustus, who restored him in exchange for the standards and prisoners taken from Crassus and Antony.
Arsaces, Phraataces; Arsaces, Orodes II.; Arsaces, Vonones I. —these princes were successively dethroned by their own subjects within less than three years.
Arsaces, Artabanus III., an enterprising but tyrannical ruler, carried his arms with success into Mesopotamia, and placed his eldest son on the Armenian throne. But the discontent of his subjects and Roman intrigue drove him more than once into exile. He reigned for twenty-eight years from a.d. 16.
Arsaces, Gotarzes; Arsaces, Bardanes; Arsaces, Vonones II.—were the twentieth, twenty-first, and twenty-second kings of the dynasty, but their brief reigns contained nothing memorable.
Arsaces, Vologeses I., was one of the greatest of the Parthian monarchs. Expelling Mithridates, he placed his brother on the throne of Armenia, and when the Romans interfered, he measured his strength with them in the field successfully; but the quarrel was afterwards adjusted, and Vologeses became an honoured ally of Vespasian and Titus.
Arsaces Pacorus, and Arsaces Chosroes, sons of Vologeses I., followed in succession. Of the former very little is known. The latter conquered Armenia, but was compelled to succumb to the power of Trajan; Hadrian, however, permitted him to reascend the throne, and the remainder of his reign passed in tranquillity.
Arsaces, Vologeses II., son of Chosroes, seemed to have reigned for more than half a century. He at first maintained friendly relations with Rome, but declared war with Marcus Aurelius. After some successes, he was compelled to accept a
