peace, which made the Tigris the western boundary of the Parthian empire. Arsaces, Vologeses III., son of the former, was engaged in hostilities with the Emperor Severus, and subsequently with Caracalla.
Arsaces, Artabanus IV., son of Vologeses III., having escaped with difficulty the treacherous designs of Caracalla, took the field against him, defeated the Roman army at Nesibis, and obtained an honourable peace from Caracalla's successor, Macrinus. His subsequent war with Persia, however, terminated in his capture and death; and with him ended the long line of the Parthian Arsacidæ, a.d. 226.—W. B.
Arsaces I. was placed on the throne of Armenia by his father Artabanus III., king of Parthia; but in the course of the same year was treacherously slain by some of his officers, at the instigation of Mithridates, an Iberian prince, who took possession of the sovereignty.
Arsaces II. was the brother of Artabanus IV. of Parthia, by whose influence he obtained the Armenian throne. He joined Alexander Severus in the war against Artaxerxes, the son of Sassan; and died about the middle of the second century.
Arsaces III., surnamed Tiranus, reigned in the middle of the fourth century. In the war of the Romans against Sapor II., he was found at first fighting on the side of the Persians, but afterwards made peace with Constantius, and married a relation of the Roman emperor. In the reign of Julian he again changed sides; but Sapor, after a time, threw him into prison, where, at his own request, one of his slaves put him to death.
Arsaces IV., a weak and unfortunate monarch, was attacked by Theodosius and Sapor III., who divided his dominions between them; but he was permitted by the Roman emperor to govern Little Armenia as a tributary prince, till his death in a.d. 389.—W. B.
ARSACHEL. See Arzachel.
ARS-BREMOND. See Bremond.
ARSENIUS, Saint, a deacon of the church of Rome, in the latter half of the fourth century, was preceptor of Arcadius, the eldest son of the Emperor Theodosius, who directed him to treat his pupil without regard to his noble birth. The disposition of the prince, however, drove him from that office; and he retired to a hermitage in Egypt, where he died, a.d. 445, at the age of ninety, having resisted more than one temptation to exchange his poverty and seclusion for court favour and affluence.—W. B.
ARSENIUS, Autorianus, patriarch of Constantinople about the middle of the thirteenth century. The reputation for sanctity which he acquired as an anchorite, induced Theodosius Lascaris II. to draw him from his solitude; and in the space of one week he rose from the lowest to the highest ecclesiastical office. Left by the Greek emperor in charge of his infant heir, the patriarch boldly resisted the usurper Michaelis Palæologus, but was ultimately deposed and banished to the island of Proconnesus (now Marmora), where he died.—W. B.
ARSENIUS, Aristobulus, archbishop of Monembasia (now Malvasia), in the Morea, was distinguished by his literary acquirements. His principal work, "Præclara dicta philosophorum imperatorum," &c., was published at Rome, and his edition of Greek Scholia on Euripides at Venice, where he died in exile a.d. 1535.
ARSENIUS, a Greek bishop of Elasso, who visited Moscow with the patriarch of Constantinople, at the institution of the Russian patriarchate, in the end of the sixteenth century. He wrote a narrative of their mission, and of the variations of the Greek church, which was printed at Turin in 1749.
ARSENIUS, a Russian monk, whom the patriarch Joseph shut up in the convent of Solowitz, for attempting to reform the liturgy of the old Slavonian church in the seventeenth century.
ARSENNE, Louis-Charles, a French historical painter, born at Paris in 1790, author of a manual in which he traces some of the relations of mediæval and modern art.
ARSHENEVSKY, Basil Kondratevitch, professor of mathematics in the university at Moscow, died in 1808. He published two discourses on the progress and relations of some of the physical sciences.
ARSHI, a Turkish poet of the sixteenth century, celebrated for his ingenious chronograms.
ARSILLI, Francesco, an accomplished Italian physician of the sixteenth century, professor of medicine at Rome, under Leo X.; wrote a number of Latin poems, of which only one has been published, "De Poetis Urbanis."
ARSINOE, the name of several princesses connected with the Ptolemies of Egypt; the following were the most distinguished:—
Arsinoe, daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, king of Egypt, and of Berenice, was married to old Lysimachus, king of Thrace. Lysimachus having fallen in battle, his territories were seized by Seleucus, who in turn was slain by Ptolemy Ceraunus, who put to death the children of Arsinoe, married her—though her half brother—and then banished her to the island of Samothrace. She was afterwards summoned to Egypt to form an incestuous alliance with Ptolemy Philadelphus, who reigned from 284 b.c. to 276 b.c.
Arsinoe, daughter of Ptolemy Euergetes, called Eurydice by Justin, and Cleopatra by Livy; married to her brother, Ptolemy Philopator. She accompanied the army of her husband to the battle between the Egyptians and Antiochus at Raphia, the border town between Egypt and Palestine, rode on horseback through the ranks, and contributed mainly to the victory over the Syrian army, 217 b.c. Led astray by his mistress Agathoclea, Ptolemy, soon after the birth of Arsinoe's only child, employed Philammon to put her to death.
Arsinoe, daughter of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, and first wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, King of Egypt. By her he had three children—Ptolemy, who succeeded him, Lysimachus, and Berenice; but having found that his wife was intriguing with Amyntas, and with his physician, Chrysippus of Rhodes, he put these two to death, and banished the queen to Coptos in the Thebaid.—T. J.
Arsinoe, a concubine of Philip of Macedon, afterwards married to a Macedonian named Lagus, was the mother of Ptolemy I.
Arsinoe, wife of Magas, king of Cyrene, whose daughter Berenice was married to Ptolemy III.
Arsinoe, daughter of Ptolemy XI., and sister of the celebrated Cleopatra, at whose desire she was put to death by Antony, on her release, after having graced the triumph of Cæsar.—W. B.
ARTABANUS, the surname of several Parthian kings. See Arsaces.
ARTABANUS, commander of the body guards of Xerxes, conspired against his master, and slew him, 465 b.c. His subsequent attempts to remove the sons of the murdered monarch were unsuccessful, and he died by the hand of Artaxerxes.
ARTABANUS, a brother of Darius Hystaspes, and a counsellor at the court of Xerxes.
ARTABASDUS. See Artavasdes.
ARTABAZES, the name of three Armenian kings. See Artavasdes.
ARTABAZUS. The following celebrated Persian generals bore this name:—
Artabazus, the son of Pharnaces, who led 60,000 Parthians under Xerxes, in his expedition against Greece. He was with Mardonius at Platea, and distinguished himself by the ability with which he extricated his men from the rout, and retreated to Byzantium, 480 b.c.
Artabazus, an officer of Artaxerxes I., in concert with Megabyzus, quelled the revolt of Inarus in Egypt, 450 b.c.
Artabazus, a general whom Artaxerxes II. employed against the rebel satraps, 362 b.c. He afterwards served Darius Codomannus, and attended him in his flight after the battle of Arbela.—W. B.
ARTACHÆES, a Persian, distinguished by his stature, and the extraordinary loudness of his voice; he re-cut the canal through the isthmus at Athos for Xerxes.
ARTALDUS. See Artaud.
ARTALE, Giuseppe, an Italian officer of distinguished bravery. He fought against the Turks at the siege of Candia, and served with honour several princes. He also acquired considerable fame as a poet. He died in 1679.
ARTAPHERNES, a son of Hystaspes, was satrap at Sardis, under his brother Darius. He put down a revolt of the Ionians, 499 b.c., and introduced a number of wise regulations for the improvement of the province.
ARTAPHERNES, son of the preceding, accompanied Dates in command of the expedition which Darius sent against the Athenians, 490 b.c., and ten years later, led the Lydians and Mysians in the invasion of Greece by Xerxes.
ARTAPHERNES, envoy from Artaxerxes I. to the Spartans 425 b.c., was arrested by Aristides in Thrace, but afterwards
