sistance. The inca also proposed an interview with the Spaniard, and thus was brought about for Pizarro the long-desired opportunity of intermeddling in the affairs of Peru. By an act of base treachery, he succeeded in obtaining possession of the person of the inca. His subsequent procedure was summary in the extreme. Huascar had been put to death by order of his brother, and now Atahuallpa was declared guilty of treason to the Spanish crown, and sentenced to be burned alive. The sentence was commuted to strangulation, in consideration of his professing Christianity, and receiving baptism.—J. S., G.
ATAIDE or ATAYDE, Dom Luis d', Senhor do Condado da Tougia, Portuguese viceroy of India, was born probably about the year 1520. He was named viceroy in the year 1568, at a time when a collision of native princes threatened the extinction of the Portuguese authority in India. These princes were the Nizam, the chief of Balagat, and the Zamorin of Malabar. They were successively routed on their own territories, and compelled in 1571 to sue for peace. Next year Ataide was superseded by Antonio de Noronha. He was again appointed viceroy in 1580, but died shortly after his arrival at Goa.—J. S., G.
ATANAGI or ATANAGUS, Dionisio, an Italian author, born at Caglio in Urbino, who lived, first at Rome and afterwards at Venice. Died about 1570.
ATAR, Ben David, or David Abenatar, a Jewish rabbi of Amsterdam in the seventeenth century. He translated the Psalms of David into Spanish verse.
ATAR, Ben Samuel, a Jewish author, who lived in the sixteenth century, and published a collection of Hebrew traditions.
ATAR, Cohin, a Jewish apothecary, who lived in Egypt in the thirteenth century, and wrote a work on the preparation of medicine, and another on the business of the apothecary.
ATENULPH I., the founder of the second principality of Benevento, from which he expelled his brother Landulph in 900. He had previously conquered Capua. The latter part of his life was spent in unsuccessful war against the Saracens.
ATENULPH II., joint sovereign with Landulph I., his brother, of Capua and Benevento. He died in 933, after having expelled the Saracens from Italy.
ATEPOMARUS, a king of Gaul, who is said to have founded Lyons, and to have invaded Italy.
ATHA, a daring impostor under the Khalif Mehedy, or his predecessor, Al-Mansur. He taught the doctrine of the metempsychosis, and claimed to be himself an incarnation of divinity. He had lost one of his eyes, on account of which he always wore a veil, for which he received the epithet of Mocanna. Atha is the hero of Moore's "Veiled Prophet of Khorassin."
ATHAIRNE of Binn Edair (Howth), an Irish poet who lived in the reign of Conaire the first. During the general proscription of the Irish poets, he fled with the rest of the bards into Ulster, where they received shelter and protection from Connor MacNessa, the king of the province, and deservedly considered the Mæcenas of Ireland. Here Athairne, in conjunction with three others, compiled a code of laws which, in common with the institutes of other Reachtaires (lawgivers), are called by the general name of Breithe Neimhedh, or "laws of the nobles."—(O'Reilly.)
ATHALARIC, king of the Ostrogoths in Italy, succeeded his uncle Theodoric in 556, and died in 534.
ATHALIAH, daughter of Ahab, king of Israel, and wife of Jehoram, king of Judah, was born about 927, and died about 878 b.c. She usurped the throne, and put to death many members of the royal family, but was at last dethroned by a popular rising, and put to death.
ATHA-MELIK, a Persian historian, born in Jawain, near Nishapur, about a.d. 1227. His great work, for writing which his position at the court of the Mogul princes of Persia afforded peculiar facilities, is named "History of the Conquest of the World." It treats of the foundation and conquests of the Mogul empire. Atha-Melik was also celebrated as a statesman, and held the government of the city of Bagdad.
ATHANAGILD, the fourteenth king of the Goths in Spain, came to the throne in 554, defeated his rival, Agila, by the aid the Emperor Justinian, and died at Toledo in 566.
ATHANARIC, a king of the Goths in Thrace, who reigned in the fourth century. He was unsuccessful in war against the Emperor Valens, who compelled him to renounce all claim upon the Roman provinces; and being afterwards attacked by the Huns, he fled to Constantinople, where he died in 381.
ATHANASIO, Don Pedro, a Spanish painter, born at Granada in 1638, a pupil of Alonzo Cauo, and chiefly executed sacred subjects.
ATHANASIUS (commonly called The Great), the most distinguished of the Greek fathers, was born at Alexandria, probably in the year 296. Of his early life and education hardly anything is known. We only know that he was received into the family of Alexander, bishop of Alexandria, and so much did he profit by the intellectual and religious advantages there enjoyed, that, whilst still a mere youth, he was appointed secretary to the bishop. Not long after, he was ordained a deacon of the church, and speedily was promoted to the office of chief or leader of the company of the deacons (τοῦ χοροῦ τῶν διακόνων ἡγουμενος, Theod. H. E. I. 26). During the session of the council of Nice, he was the life and soul of the party opposed to Arius; and he so distinguished himself there by his zeal and ability, that Alexander proposed him as his successor in the see of Alexandria, a dignity to which, notwithstanding his youth, and though he fled the city to escape it, he was raised on the death of the bishop, with the full concurrence of all the clergy and the people of the district. This took place a.d. 328, as the festal letters of Athanasius attest. His first impulse on becoming bishop of this important see, was to promote the interests of the church by the extension of Christianity in Abyssinia; but from these peaceful labours he was soon called to the struggles of the polemical arena. Arius, who had been banished after the condemnation of his doctrines by the Nicæan council, was, about the year 331, through the influence of the emperor's sister, Constantia, and on a protestation of his attachment to catholic doctrine, restored to the favour of Constantine, and sought readmission into the church of Alexandria. This was refused; upon which the emperor issued an edict commanding Athanasius to receive him; but, as Milman remarks, "Constantine found, to his astonishment, that an imperial edict which would have been obeyed in trembling submission from one end of the Roman empire to the other, even if it had enacted a complete political revolution, or endangered the property and privileges of thousands, was received with deliberate and steady disregard by a single Christian bishop," (History of Christianity, vol. ii. page 450). The struggle into which Athanasius thus plunged was a severe and protracted one, and was conducted on his part with the utmost courage, constancy, and resolution. He had many enemies among the Arian party, and they were incessant in their endeavours to prejudice the emperor against him. All sorts of charges were brought against him. He was accused of abetting conspiracy against the throne, of licentious indulgence, of tyranny and violence in his diocese, of extortion in the city where he presided, of having authorized the profanation of the sacred books and vessels in one of the churches in his diocese, of sorcery and of murder. Of these charges the greater part were gross falsehoods, and the rest were founded only on exaggerated or distorted representations. Athanasius had no difficulty in meeting them, and triumphantly refuting them, to the discomfiture of his antagonists. In presence of the emperor at Psammethia in 332, he boldy confronted his accusers, and extorted from Constantine a testimony to his innocence and to his worth. Subsequently, in 335, a council held at Tyre, composed almost entirely of his opponents, and presided over by Eusebius of Cæsarea, his determined enemy, acquitted him of some of the charges brought against him, but referred others to the investigation of a committee. As this committee was composed only of those opposed to him, and as they would allow no one of his party to accompany them to the scene of investigation, Athanasius protested against the injustice of the whole procedure, and appealed to the emperor against the sentence of deposition which they pronounced upon him. Repairing for this purpose to Constantinople, he one day presented himself, accompanied by a train of ecclesiastics, before the emperor as he rode through the city. Startled and offended, Constantine urged on his horse, but Athanasius exclaimed with a loud voice, "God shall judge between thee and me, since thou thus espousest the cause of my calumniators: I demand only that my enemies may be summoned, and my cause heard in the imperial presence." This demand was too plainly founded in justice to be refused, and the emperor accordingly summoned the accusers of Athanasius to appear at Constantinople. Six of them obeyed the summons, but conscious of the weakness of their case, they came furnished with a new charge, and one calculated to excite the jealousy of
