Sultan Mürád III., was a professor of law, afterwards a judge. Died at Constantinople in 1635.
ATTALE, a Greek physician, who lived in the 2nd century b.c. He was a pupil of Soranus, and belonged to the methodical school. He is mentioned by Galen, who relates that he had by improper treatment occasioned the death of Theagene, a stoic.
ATTALE, a philosopher of the school of the Stoics, lived about forty years b.c. Seneca, in his youth, followed the lessons given by Attale, from which he informs us he derived much advantage. From him we learn that Attale declaimed vehemently against the vices and errors of human life, as they appeared to him in his contemporaries, attacked voluptuousness, and recommended charity and universal temperance.
ATTALIATE or ATTALEIATES, Michael, was proconsul and judge under the Emperor Michael Ducas, about 1072, at whose request he compiled a compendium of law, entitled "A legal work or pragmatical treatise," &c.
ATTALUS, a Greek sophist, 180 b.c.
ATTALUS, a Greek mathematician, 150 or 160 b.c.
ATTALUS, a Stoic philosopher of the first century, and teacher of Seneca. We know nothing farther concerning him.
ATTALUS, lieutenant of Philip of Macedon, 370 b.c. He was uncle to Cleopatra, whom Philip espoused after he repudiated Olympias. He was so unfortunate as to produce, first, a quarrel between Philip and Alexander; secondly, one between Philip and Pausanias, in which the latter killed the king; and thirdly, one between himself and Alexander, which was avenged by his death, from the hand of Hecateus, in behalf of his prince.—(Diod. Sic., Justin, Quint. Curt.)
ATTALUS, lieutenant of Alexander the Great—330 b.c.—has been represented as so like Alexander, that at a distance the one could not be distinguished from the other, a circumstance so opportune for his master, that he took advantage of it in order to deceive the enemy, or to conceal the execution of a project.—(Quint. Curt., Arrian, Diod. Sic.)
ATTALUS I., king of Pergamus, one of the kingdoms which were formed after the breaking up of the old Macedonian empire, succeeded his cousin Eumenes I. On the occasion of a great battle which he fought against a host of Galatians or Gauls, at that unsettled time, overrunning Asia Minor, he assumed the title of king. By taking advantage of the embarrassments of the king of Syria, he conquered many towns on the coast of the Ægean Sea, but soon having reason to be alarmed by the incursions of Philip V. of Thrace, he discovered the policy of joining a league which was formed between the Romans and Ætolians against Philip and the Achæans, in 211 b.c. From this war Attalus was called to defend his kingdom against Prusias, king of Bithynia. In the midst of all this fighting, Attalus was able to gratify the Roman love of superstition. The Sibylline books required the black stone, which lay at Pessinus, and represented the great mother of the gods, to be brought to Rome. Attalus assisted in this, and there was peace for a few years, till Philip, in revenge for his old enemy having sided with the Rhodians, invaded his kingdom, and ravaged the neighbourhood of Pergamus. After a sea-fight at Chios, the activity of Attalus was not abated. The war against Philip was prosecuted in other quarters, and at home Antiochus invaded Pergamus; but the Romans, true to their friendship, came to the relief of their ally, and the Syrian withdrew. Attalus was still engaged assisting the Romans when he died at Pergamus, 197 b.c. He was a great and good man, a patron of letters, and, as some say, the founder of the library at Pergamus. The "Attalicæ vestes," an invention of gold-tissue cloth, dates from his reign. The events in the life of Attalus are recorded in Polybius, Livy, Pausanias, Eusebius, and Dio. Laertius.—A. L.
ATTALUS II., son of the preceding, surnamed Philadelphus, did not ascend the throne of Pergamus till after the death of his elder brother Eumenes II., whom he had served lovingly and faithfully as ambassador, minister, and general. He was then sixty-two years of age, but he did not fail to respond to the exigencies of his situation, or to maintain at least for a time the grandeur of his family. He restored Ariarathes to his kingdom of Cappadocia, and was soon at war with his old enemy Prusias, in which he was so far worsted, that he was obliged to call in the mediation of Rome. But he subsequently got his revenge by upholding Nicomedes, the son of Prusias, against his father, and assisting Alexander Balas in usurping the throne of Syria. After again helping the Romans in their war with the impostor, Philip of Macedonia, he abandoned himself to indolence, and was completely guided by Philopœmen, one of his friends. He died at the age of eighty-two, and was succeeded by Attalus, the son of his predecessor and brother.—(Polybius, Strabo, Livy, Diod. Siculus, &c.)—A. L.
ATTALUS III., Philometor, last king of Pergamus, was the son of Eumenes II. He was educated at Rome, and marked every step of his progress by blood. He slew the best friends of his father, under pretence that his mother had died of poison. He so mixed up crime and folly, that he studied botany to discover poisonous herbs to send to his friends; yet, in the midst of his madness, he showed signs of genius, and it is said that Celsus and Galen were indebted to him for valuable remedies. At length, having resolved to erect a tomb to his mother, Stratonice, his ardour exposed him to a stroke of the sun, of which he died. He reigned six years, leaving a testament:—"Populus Rom. bonorum meorum hæres esto." Aristonicus disputed the testament, and, after a bloody war, Pergamus became a Roman province.—(Polybius, Strabo, Diod. Siculus, &c.)—A. L.
ATTALUS the Martyr, put to death at Lyons, a.d. 177. Along with Alexander, a fellow martyr, he was first exposed to wild beasts, and then he was subjected to torture. When asked by his tormentors the name of his God, he replied, "that God being One needs no name."—(Euseb., Rufinus.)
ATTALUS, Flavius Priscus, was elected Roman emperor in the year 409 of our era. At first a pagan, afterwards a Christian, and a member of the senate; he formed one of a deputation to the Emperor Honorius, at that juncture when Alaric, king of the Visigoths, was besieging the city for the first time. It having pleased the barbarian to oppose the phantom of an emperor to Honorius, Attalus was elected by the command of Alaric, and afterwards, when the slave-king showed himself refractory, the Goth set forth the destruction of Rome in effigy, by exhibiting Attalus first as an emperor, and afterwards as a slave. Attalus was still nominal emperor under Ataulf, the successor of Alaric; but on the death of his protector he fled to Spain, was captured, led before Honorius, (to whom he had once offered his life and a pension,) and sentenced to lose the fingers of his right hand, and to finish his days at Lipari.—(Zozimus, Socrates, Procopius.)—A. L.
AT-TAMIMI, an Arabian physician, who lived about the end of the tenth century. He devoted much attention to pharmacy, and pretended to have discovered a universal antidote, on which he wrote a number of works. Wüstenfeld mentions seven of his works in his "Geschichte der Arabischen Ærtzte und Naturforscher;" Gottingen, 8 vols., 1840.
ATTAR or ATHAR, Coge or Khojah, vizier of the kingdom of Ormuz, died in 1513. He was intrusted with the regency during the minority of Seif-Eddyn IV., and for many years resisted all attempts made by the Portuguese to gain possession of Ormuz.
ATTAR, Ferid-ud-din, a Persian poet, was born at Khorassan in 1119, and died in 1202. His poetry was much admired, especially for the profound knowledge which he displayed in it of the doctrines of the Sufis. There is a copy of the whole of his works in the royal library at Paris.
ATTARDI, Bonaventure, an Italian monk of the order of St. Augustin, lived in the first half of the eighteenth century, and was professor of ecclesiastical history in the university of Catania. He published a treatise respecting the island on which St. Paul was shipwrecked. Palermo, 1738.
ATTAVANTE of Florence, a miniature painter of the latter part of the fifteenth century, who is supposed to be the author of the beautiful illustrations of the manuscript of the Silius Italicus preserved in the library of San Marco at Venice.
ATTAVANTI, Paolo, an ecclesiastic, author of some works on religious subjects, was born at Florence in 1419, and died there in 1499. He enjoyed a high reputation as a preacher, and his eloquence was compared to the music of Orpheus.
ATTEIUS, Capito. See Capito.
ATTEIUS, surnamed Prætextatus, and afterwards Philologus, a Greek grammarian, was a native of Athens, and lived about fifty years before the Christian era. He wrote a compendium of Roman history, from which Sallust selected such portions as suited his purpose when compiling his work.
ATTENDOLO, Catherine. See Sforza.
ATTENDOLO, Dario, an Italian lawyer, was born at
