at Paris in 1765. His political works excited some attention during the revolutionary epoch, and caused him to be proscribed, but he escaped by flight. Under the directory he was made secretary of legation at Brussels. Under the consulate and the empire he continued to enjoy the confidence of the ruling powers, and was finally employed as secretary to the privy council of the Westphalian kingdom. On the fall of the Bonaparte dynasty, he was dismissed from his employment, but received a small pension. He died at a very advanced age in 1849, leaving a variety of works on education, population, and subsistence, &c., besides translations from the English and German.—J. W. S.
AUBERT DU BAYET, Jean Baptiste Annibal, a French general, was born in Louisiana in 1753, and served under Lafayette in the army sent by France to the aid of the American revolutionists. On his return to Europe, he took part in the revolutionary movements of his native country, and was elected a member of the constituent assembly, where he generally voted with the Girondins. He afterwards fought under Kellermann at Valmy, and conducted the defence of Mainz. He was ultimately appointed by the directory ambassador at the Turkish court, and died at Constantinople in 1797.—J. W. S.
AUBERT-ROCHE, Louis, a French physician, was born early in the present century, and having graduated at Paris, entered into the service of Mehemet Ali of Egypt. Here he held the office of principal physician to the Ras-ed-din hospital at Alexandria, and studied the Oriental plague with great care. This disease, he maintains, is not propagated by contact, but by atmospheric influences—a theory which has given rise to much controversy, and about which there is yet far enough from being an entire agreement of opinion. He has also published an essay on the use of haschisch in this disease, about whose curative virtues opinions also differ.
AUBERTIN, Antoine, a monk of the abbey of Elial in France, who lived in the seventeenth century, and wrote the lives of some saints.
AUBERTIN, Dominique, a French officer of the last century, who wrote a narrative of the Vendean insurrection.
AUBERTIN, Edme, a French protestant and theologian of the seventeenth century.
AUBERY, Antoine, a French historian of the seventeenth century, who wrote a general history of cardinals since the popedom of Leo IX., 5 vols. 4to, 1642, and memoirs of Richelieu and Mazarin,—works of little value.
AUBERY, Claude, a French physician and naturalist of the sixteenth century, was persecuted in his native country for having embraced Calvinism, and fled to Lausanne, where he professed philosophy. Being, however, molested by the Swiss clergy, he returned to France and to his former faith. His chief work is the "Tractatus de Concordia Medicorum," Berne, 1585, in which he defends the views of Paracelsus.
AUBERY, Jacques, a French jurist of the sixteenth century, an advocate of the parliament of Paris.
AUBERY, Louis, lord of Maurier, was born about the beginning of the seventeenth century, was employed in several diplomatic appointments, wrote a history of Holland, in 2 vols., and died in 1687.
AUBESPINE, a noble family of France, the following members of which are worthy of notice:—
Claude de l', Baron de Chateauneuf, born towards the commencement of the sixteenth century, was secretary of state and finance from about the year 1542 till his death in 1567. He was employed in the most important negotiations of the reigns of Francis I., Henry II., and Charles IX.
Gabriel de l', Bishop of Orleans from 1604 till the year of his death, 1639, was a son of Guillaume de l'Aubespine, baron of Chateauneuf. He exhibited on several important occasions the family talent for diplomacy; and his writings throw light on the ancient liturgy and discipline of the Gallican church. His name on his works is latinized into Albespinus.
Charles de l'. Marquis de Chateauneuf, brother of the preceding, an intriguing statesman of the first half of the seventeenth century, was born in 1580. He was employed in successive missions to Holland, Germany, Venice, and England; succeeded his father in 1621 as chancellor of the orders of the king, and was named Garde des Sceaux (Keeper of the Seals) in 1630. He was imprisoned by order of Richelieu from 1633 to 1643, and regained his office of keeper in 1650 only to be again deprived of it in the following year Died 1653.
Madelline de l', daughter of Claude II., and aunt of the two preceding, celebrated by the court poets of the reigns of Charles IX., Henry III., and Henry IV., for her beauty and poetical talents, married, in 1562, Nicholas de Neufville, seigneur de Villeroi, and died in 1596.—J. S., G.
AUBETERRE, David Bouchard, Vicomte d', born at Geneva, recovered the estates of his family which had been confiscated in the time of his great-grandfather, and obtained from Henry III. the government of Perigord. He rendered important service to Henry IV. in the war of the League. He died in 1598, from a wound received at the siege of L'Isle.
AUBETERRE, François d'Esparbez de Lussan, Vicomte d', a French marshal, distinguished in the wars of Henry IV., who appointed him to the government of Blaye. He declared for the party of the queen-mother in 1620, and, in the same year, was raised to the rank of marshal. Died in 1628.
AUBETERRE, Henri Joseph Bouchard d'Esparbez, Marquis d', a French marshal and diplomatist, born in 1714, was wounded in 1743 at the battle of Dettingen, and again in 1744 at the taking of Chateau Dauphin, in Piedmont. He was afterwards employed in embassies to Vienna, Madrid, and Rome. Died in 1788.
AUBIGNAC, François Hedelin, Abbé d', a French miscellaneous writer of the seventeenth century, son of a barrister, was educated for his father's profession, and for some time exercised it at Nemours; but, having entered into holy orders, he was appointed tutor to the young duke of Fronsac, and, through his interest, abbé of Aubignac. He wrote dramatic pieces of various kinds, a treatise on monsters and demons, and two dissertations on the dramatic art, in the latter of which he censured furiously Corneille's inattention to the unities. Their conformity to the Aristotelian canon is the only merit of his own dramatic pieces. Died in 1676.—J. S., G.
AUBIGNÉ, Merle d'. See D'Aubigne.
AUBIGNÉ, Theodore Agrippa d', a Huguenot historian and dramatist, born 1550, near Pons, in the province of Saintonge. He was a precocious linguist, having translated Plato's Crito at seven years of age. Employed by Henry of Navarre, he wrote a tragedy called "Circe," which was remarkable for ability. He remained poor, and a strenuous assertor of protestant principles, after the defection of his royal patron to the church of Rome. His chief work was a history of his own times, a memoir full of lively anecdote and satire. He spent the last ten years of his life at Geneva, where he died in 1630, and was buried in the church of St. René. His declining age was embittered by the undutifulness of his son, afterwards the father of the celebrated Madame Scarron, who became the wife of Louis the Fourteenth. Four times he was condemned to death. The Roman catholics never ceased to persecute him, and he retorted with a vigorous pen, while he superintended the fortifying of Basle and Berne, as a protection to the political interests of the Reformation. His writings were as varied as his adventures; consisting of controversial tracts, memoirs, plays, and poems. His name is still reverenced by the French protestants.—T. J.
AUBIGNÉ DE LA FOSSE, Nathan d', a physician of Geneva, author of a work entitled "Bibliotheca chimica contracta," Geneva, 1654 and 1673, 8vo.
AUBIGNY, Robert Stewart, Comte de Beaumont-le-Roger, Seignieur d'. Marshal of France, died in March, 1544. He was descended from a Scottish family of distinction. He passed the Alps with Charles VIII., and signalized himself at the defence of Navarre, and in various battles and sieges.
AUBIN, N., a French protestant minister of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, was born at Loudun, in Poitou. In 1693 or 1694 he published an account of the strange affair of Urban Grandier at Loudun. In 1698 he published a French translation of Brandt's life of De Ruyter, Amsterdam, folio; and in 1702, a "Dictionnaire de Marine," Amsterdam, 4to.
AUBLET, Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusee, a French botanist, was born at Salon, in Provence, on 4th November, 1720. In early life he was passionately fond of plants. He prosecuted the study of botany at Montpelier, and afterwards repaired to Lyons and Paris. In the latter city he became acquainted with Bernard de Jussieu, who introduced him to several valuable patrons of science. He prosecuted the study of botany, chemistry, mineralogy, and zoology for about seven years. He was then appointed to establish a botanic garden in "the Isle of France, where he arrived in August, 1752. He
