quently became a member of the club of Clichy, which was accused of having a connection with the royalists; and, on the revolution of the 4th September, 1797, he, in common with all the other members of the club, was banished to Cayenne. He made his escape, however, in company with Pichegru and several others to Demerara, from which, it is said, he proceeded to the United States, and thence to England. He was not permitted to revisit his native country. During his exile he wrote a work on the Revolution, which has not been published. Of the large collection of tracts on the French revolution, in the British Museum, thirteen are from the pen of Aubry.—G. M.
AUBRY, Jacques Charles, a French jurisconsult, born in 1668; died in 1739. He was author of a great number of memoirs and other papers, which are to be found scattered through different collections. The most remarkable of these are: "Deux Mémoires pour les dues et pairs, contre le comte d'Agenois," &c.
AUBRY, Jean, a French alchemist and physician, lived at Paris in the middle of the seventeenth century, and died about 1667. In the early part of his life he had entered into orders as a monk, and had travelled in the East, for the purpose, according to his own account, of converting the Turks to Christianity. In consequence of a want of success in this mission he returned to his native country, where he applied himself to the study and practice of medicine. On this subject he entertained many extravagant and ridiculous notions, but is said to have performed numerous astonishing cures, through the confidence with which he had the art of inspiring his patients. He published a work entitled "Le Triomphe de l'Archée et le Désespoir de la Medicine," Paris, 1656, in 4to. He published various other medical works, all more or less tinctured with the doctrines of the alchemists, which he employed in explanation of the symptoms and treatment of disease. His other works are:—"La Merveille du Monde, ou la Médicine véritable nouvellement ressuscitée," Paris, 1655, in 4to; " Médicine Universelle des Ames," Paris, 1661, in 4to; "Abrege de l'ordre admirable et des beaux secrets de Saint Raymond Lulle," Paris, 1665.—G. M.
AUBRY, Jean-Baptiste, a learned Benedictine monk, born Dapviller, near Epinal, in 1736; died at Commercy, 4th October, 1809. Though a jesuit, he entered the order of St. Benedict; and such was the high opinion of his erudition entertained by his brethren, that, after the death of Remy Ceillier, they appointed him to continue, with the assistance of one of their number, "L'Histoire des auteurs sacrés et profanes." The suppression of the monastic orders reduced Aubry to seek for the means of subsistence in the exercise of his literary talents. His principal works are:—"L'Ami philosophie et politique, traité surs l'essence, les avantages et les devoirs de l'amitie," Paris, 1776, in 8vo; "Théorie de l'âme des bétes," 1780-90; "Questions philosophiques sur la religion naturelle, dans lesquelles on résout, avec les seules lumiéres de la raison, les objections des athées, des matérialistes, des pyrrhoniens et des déistes," 1782, in 12mo; "L'Anti-Condillac, ou Harangue aux ideologues modernes," 1801; "Nouvelle Theorie des êtres," 1804; "Aubade, ou Lettres à MM. Geoffroy et Mongin," who had criticised the former work in the "Journal des Débats;" "Le Nouveau Menteur," a work on elementary instruction.—G. M.
AUBRY, Jean François, physician to Louis XVI., king of France, died at Luxeuil, his native place, in 1795. Few particulars of his life are known. He established his reputation by a work entitled "Les oracles de Cos," Paris, 1776, in 8vo; ibid, 1781, et Montpellier, 1810.
AUBRY, Marie-Olympie de Gouges. See Gouges.
AUBRY, Philip Charles, a French man of letters, born at Versailles, 8th February, 1744; died 23rd May, 1812. He at first obtained employment in the Ministry of Marine, but losing this situation in consequence of certain reductions taking place in that department of the public service, he returned to his native city, where he adopted the profession of teacher of languages. He wrote verses both in Latin and French, and published a small collection of lyric poetry, under the title of "Le Pétrarque Français," Tours, 1799. His other works are: "L'Esprit d'Addison," consisting of select passages from the works of that author; "Les Passions du jeune Werther, trad. de Goethe," Paris, 1777, 2 vols.—G. M.
AUBISSON DE VOISINES, d', J. Fr., a French writer on geology. He has written a general treatise on geognosy, embracing an account of the mineral and physical constitution of the earth. It was originally published at Strasburg in 1819, and subsequent editions in Paris. He also wrote a memoir on the basaltic formations of Saxe, accompanied with observations on the origin of basalt in general.—E. L.
AUBUSSON, Jean d', a troubadour of the thirteenth century, attached to the fortunes of Frederick II., emperor of Germany. He has left an allegorical poem in the form of a dialogue, on the subject of the expedition of Frederick against the confederation of Lombardy. Some extracts from this production, which abounds in fantastical conceits, are given in the original, in Raynouard's "Choix des Poésies originales des Troubadour's," Paris, 1820, vol. v., p. 236.—G. M.
AUBUSSON, Jean d', a French man of letters, who lived in the second half of the sixteenth century. He was author of a number of works published at Paris, between 1550 and 1561, and quoted by Duverdier and La Croix du Maine.
AUBUSSON, Pierre d', one of the most remarkable grandmasters of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, was born a.d. 1423. He sprang from an old French family. The Ottomans in his day began to threaten Europe with a second Mahometan invasion; and having served in Hungary against them, he determined to spend his life in extirpating their hordes. After performing various services to the French kings, Charles VII. and Louis XI., he obtained a commandery in the above-mentioned order, was shortly afterwards made grand-prior, and intrusted with the charge of the fortifications of Rhodes, and on the death of Orsini in 1476, was elected grand-master. He maintained the city of Rhodes against the Turks, during a siege that lasted eighty-nine days (1480), and forced them to retire with the loss of nearly 10,000 men. When Bajazet and Zizim disputed the succession to the throne of Turkey, and the latter was worsted, he sought an asylum with D'Aubusson, who received him courteously, but he afterwards handed over his person to the pope, Alexander VI., who made him a cardinal as a reward for this base act. He died at Rhodes, July, 1503, in the eighty-first year of his age, of deep melancholy, caused by the scandals of Christendom. The work entitled "De Scriptoribus Germaniæ," Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 1602, contains a Latin description of the great siege of Rhodes, in which the cardinal was engaged, and many think that it is the production of his pen.—(Bouhour's Vie du Grand-maître D'Aubusson; N. Biog. Univ., "D'Aubusson.")—T. J.
AUCHER-ELOY or PETER MARTIN REMI AUCHER, the son of a wine merchant, was born at Blois, 2nd October, 1793. He was educated at the college of that city, and he afterwards studied pharmacy at Orleans and at Paris. He went to the latter city in 1812. While there, he prosecuted his botanical studies under the auspices of Antoine, Laurent, de Jussieu, and Desfontaines. In 1813 he was attached to the service of the army hospitals in Spain, and made a collection of plants there. In 1817 he married a young lady named Eloy, and he added her name to his own. He then adopted the profession of a bookseller and printer. He still, however, continued to attend to botany, and explored the flora of the department of the Loire et Cher. He subsequently went to Russia with his wife and daughter, in the hope of joining an expedition to the Caucasus. In this, however, he was disappointed. He failed also in obtaining any employment in printing; and was reduced to great straits by illness. He was at last appointed secretary to Prince Waldhowsky, and finally was engaged by Halil Pacha, the Turkish ambassador at St. Petersburg, to accompany him to Constantinople, for the purpose of establishing a Turko-French newspaper. During the journey, an opportunity was afforded for botanizing. Finding that the promises of Halil Pacha were not fulfilled in the way he expected, Aucher-Eloy undertook a series of journeys in Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Syria, and Persia, with a view of collecting botanical and zoological specimens. His collections were sent to Paris, and were there disposed of to advantage, by the kind offices of Brongniart. Assistance was also given from the Paris Museum, and by the Minister of Public Instruction. The botanical collections were excellent and valuable, and they were soon dispersed over various public and private herbaria in France, Britain, and elsewhere. The specimens laid the foundation of a flora of the East. During his journeys, Aucher-Eloy had many difficulties and dangers to encounter. One of his last visits was to Persia. He proceeded by the north of Anatolia, Erzeroum, Mount Ararat, Tabriz, and Ghilan, to the shores of the Caspian. From Teheran he as-
