don, had proceeded at Edinburgh the issue of the necessary complement to these, the "Ornithological Biography, or an account of the habits of the Birds of the United States of America, accompanied by a description of the objects represented in the work entitled 'The Birds of America,'" the first volume of which appeared in 1831, the fifth and last in 1839.
The same year Audubon returned finally to his native country; not yet, however, to lead a life of repose. He now, along with his two sons, and two other companions, undertook a series of excursions, which resulted in his work entitled "Quadrupeds of America," published at Philadelphia between the years 1846 and 1850, and accompanied, as in the case of the "Birds," by a parallel issue of "Biographies," a title which, as applied by Audubon to his descriptions of the favourite objects of his study, serves to indicate the dignity with which these objects were invested in his eyes, and the almost human interest with which they inspired him. These "Biographies" are singularly entertaining, full of the romance of that wild and solitary life which enabled him to compile them. Audubon died in 1851.—A. M.
AUENBRUGGER or AVENBRUGGER D'AUENBURG, Leopold, a German physician, born at Graetz, in Styria, in 1722; died at Vienna in 1798. He appears to have been one of the first to employ percussion as a means of detecting diseases of the chest. He is the author of a work entitled "Inventum novum ex percussione thoracis humani, ut signo, abstrusos interni pectoris morbos detegendi," Vienna, 1761.
AUER, Anthony, a Bavarian artist, distinguished as a painter on porcelain, born at Munich in 1777, and died 1814.
AUER, Paul Johann, a German painter of history and landscape, born at Nuremberg in 1638, died in 1687.
* AUERBACH, Berthold, a very able and popular German writer of the present day, of Jewish extraction, a native of the Würtemberg district of the Schwarzwald, or Black Forest. The fame of Auerbach, who has translated into German the works of Spinoza, rests principally on his "Schwarzwälder Dorfgeschichten" (Village Stories from the Schwarzwald), of which he has published more than one series. Some of the "Dorfgeschichten" have been translated into English, and have attracted a certain amount of attention, though not so much as they deserve. These stories generally present very simple and ordinary incidents of village life in the Schwarzwald, and the characters are usually such as may every day be met with among the German peasantry. But the genius of Auerbach is shown in the deep significance which he attaches to scenes of humble life, every-day occurrences, and common people, and in the fascinating interest with which, by virtue of his poetic insight, and a very graceful and pleasing style, he contrives to invest them for the reader. As he grasps inner character more than outward form, his "Village Stories," while they frequently put before us exquisitely touched idyls of German country life, rise clear above the level of mere sketches of manners and costume, and belong to that class of poetic creations which deal with the universal truths of human nature. In "Liebe Menschen," the longest story in his little volume, entitled "Deutsche Abende," Auerbach tries another scene and different characters; for he styles this "an idyl of the cultivated world." But he is more successful in the hamlet than in the city. The "Schatkästlein des Gevattersmannes" is a collection of stories from the "Volkskalender" (Popular Almanack), edited by Auerbach. His latest production was published in the present year, and is entitled "Barfüssele" (The Barefooted Maid). This finely conceived and beautifully told story is drawn from that source which Auerbach seems to find so inexhaustible, the Schwarzwald.—A. M.
AUERBACH, Johann Godfrey, a German portrait painter, born 1697, became court-painter at Vienna, and died 1753.
AUERSPERG, Princes and Counts, of an Austrian family in possession of princely estates in the Carniole. The reigning prince, Charles, born 1814, succeeded his father in 1827.
AUFFMANN, Joseph Anton Xaver, a German musician, organist at Kempsten, published, in 1754, three concertos for the organ: "Triplus concertus harmonicus."
AUFFRAY, François, a French poet of the beginning of the seventeenth century, canon of Saint Briene.
AUFFRAY, Jean, a voluminous writer on political economy, was born at Paris in 1733, and died in 1788.
AUFFSCHNAITER, Benedict Anton, a German musician, lived at the commencement of the eighteenth century.
AUFIDIA GENS, a plebeian family of republican Rome; the following members of which may be mentioned:—
Aufidius Chius, jurist, a contemporary of Atilicinus.
Aufidius Cneius, tribune in the year 170 b.c.
Aufidius Sextus lived about the middle of the century before Christ.
Aufidius Cn., quæstor in 119, and tribune in 114 b.c.
A tribune of the name of Cn. Aufidius is-mentioned by Pliny.—J. S., G.
AUFIDIUS, Titus, sometimes erroneously classed among the Roman jurists, was quæstor in the year 84 b.c., and subsequently became prætor of Asia. Though he spoke but little in public, he was ambitious of being ranked among the great orators of his day. Cicero allowed that he possessed the virtues of a citizen, but not the qualities of an orator.
AUFIDIUS, Titus, a Sicilian physician, who lived in the first century b.c. He was a pupil of Asclepiades, and is generally supposed to be the same person called by Cœlius Aurelianus, simply Titus. He is said to have been the author of a work on the soul, entitled "De Anima," and another on chronic diseases.
AUFRÉRE, Anthony, an English scholar, born in 1756; died at Pisa, 29th November, 1833. At an early age he evinced a great taste for German literature, which was not, at that period, so much studied in England as at present. He published the following translations from the German:—1. "A tribute to the memory of Ulric von der Hutten," from Goethe, 1789; 2. "Travels through the kingdom of Naples," by Salis Marschlius, 1795, in 8vo; 3. "A warning to Britons against French Perfidy and Cruelty, or, a short account of the treacherous and inhuman conduct of the French officers and soldiers towards the peasants of Suabia, during the invasion of Germany in 1796, selected from well-authenticated German publications," 1798, 8vo. Aufrére also edited the "Lockhart Letters," 2 vols. 4to, and was a frequent contributor to the "Gentleman's Magazine."
AUFRERI, Etienne, an eminent French jurist, who lived at Toulouse in the end of the fifteenth and the first half of the sixteenth century. He was author of a number of legal treatises, reprinted in Ziletti's collection, entitled "Tractatus universi Juris in unum congesti."
AUFRESNE, Jean Rival, a celebrated actor, born at Geneva in 1720; died at Petersburg in 1806. He was the son of a watchmaker, named Rival, in Geneva, a man of literary tastes and habits, and a friend of Rousseau and Voltaire. He is mentioned by the former in his "Confessions." Aufresne particularly excelled in his representation of the principal characters in the tragedies of Corneille.
AUFSESZ, Barons d', a very ancient German family, so called from the castle of Aufsesz, situated near Bamberg, where they possessed most extensive domains. The title of vice-grand-cupbearer of the empire was hereditary in that family, which is now divided into many branches.
AUGARON, Jacques, a French surgeon, who lived about the middle of the sixteenth century. He is known as the author of a work entitled "Discours sur la curation des arquebusades et autres plaies," Paris, 1577, in 4to.
AUGE, Daniel d', sometimes called Augetius or Augentius, (the Latin form of his name,) a French philologist and man of letters, was born at Villeneuve-l'archevêque, in the diocese of Sens in Champagne, about the beginning of the sixteenth century, and died about the year 1595. He was tutor to the son of François Olivier, chancellor of France, and subsequently became professor of the Greek language in the university of Paris. Among his published works, which are very numerous, the following have been esteemed the principal:—"Institution d'un prince chretien, traduite du Grec de Synèse," Paris, 1555, in 8vo; "Deux Dialogues de l'invention poétique, de la vraye cognoissance de l'art oratoire, et de la fiction de la fable," Paris, 1560, in 8vo; "Oraison consolatoire sur la mort de messire François Olivier, chancelier de France, à Madame Antoine de Cerisy, sa femme," Paris, 1560, in 8vo; "Oraison funèbre de François Olivier," Paris, 1560, in 8vo.—G. M.
AUGEARD, Jacques-Mathieu or N., a French financier, born at Bordeaux in 1731; died at Paris in 1805. He was farmer-general and "secretaire des commandemens" to the Queen Marie Antoinette, and, as he was devoted in his attachment to the royal family, he became an object of suspicion to the republican party, being accused of a design to aid in the escape of
