the pope. The pope also sent a solution of various questions proposed to him by Augustine, some of which were needed for his guidance, while at others we smile. The pope's original intention was, to have divided England into twenty-four dioceses, under metropolitans at London and York, but Canterbury was substituted for London in compliment to king Ethelbert, who was a most zealous upholder of the faith. Augustine now tried to bring about union with the Welch Christians, but as subjection to his authority was a sine quâ non in his eyes, no progress was made. Both parties separated in anger, but there is no reason to lay the massacre of the monks at Bangor to Augustine's charge. In 604, Augustine consecrated Mellitus bishop of London, and Justus bishop of Rochester, and after naming Laurence as his successor, died, probably in 607. He was buried in the church of St. Peter and St. Paul, afterwards called St. Augustine's Abbey, which King Ethelbert had founded. The same munificent monarch aided in erecting a cathedral church at Canterbury, "in the name of our Holy Saviour, God, and Lord Jesus Christ;" whither, in 1091, the body of Augustine was translated. To Ethelbert, the cathedrals of St. Paul's, London, and of Rochester, also owe their foundation and endowments. Augustine was probably a man of no great intellect or attainments, but he accomplished a great work, and is entitled to the respect of Englishmen, from his having been the instrument of firmly planting Christianity in this nation. He is commemorated in the calendars of the English and Roman churches, May 26.—J. B., O.
AUGUSTINE, the Blessed, general of the order of St. Augustine in the 13th century, had been preceptor to Manfred, King of Sicily; and died a hermit near Sienna.
AUGUSTINE, Antony, a native of Saragossa, and son of the vice-chancellor of Aragon, studied literature and law at several universities in Spain and Italy. His reputation for learning and sagacity led to his being frequently employed in important missions by the Papal Court, and he was successively bishop of Alifa, of Lerida, and of Tarragona. He died in 1574, having published many works, chiefly on ecclesiastical law and numismatics.
AUGUSTINE, Jean-Baptiste-Jacques, a French painter, self-taught, whose original style produced a material improvement in the art at Paris, in the close of the 18th century.
AUGUSTINI AB HORTIS, Christian, a physician of Kaesmark in Hungary, was taken into the service of Ferdinand II., and ennobled by him as the founder of the botanical garden at Vienna; he died in 1650.
AUGUSTULUS, Romulus, with whom closed the line of Roman emperors in the West, was son of Orestes, a Pannonian noble, and owed his investiture with the purple to his father's rank and popularity in the army. His own beauty also, and the prestige of his name, Romulus Augustus, which recalled the respective founders of the city and the empire, won for him at first considerable favour. But he soon proved himself so utterly incapable, that his subjects, in derision, gave him the name of Augustulus (the diminutive of Augustus), by which he is now known in history After an inglorious reign of one year, during which the government was wholly in the hands of his father Orestes, he was dethroned by Odoacer, king of the Heruli, who assigned to him the villa of Lucullus in Campania, as his residence, and a considerable annual pension for his support. A decree of the senate, on receiving his abdication, renounced the sovereignty of Rome in favour of Constantinople, and put a formal end to the Western empire, a.d. 476.—W. B.
AUGUSTUS, first Roman emperor; Caius Octavius, afterwards Caius Julius Cæsar Octavianus, and later Augustus, "Augustus" being a title of honour conferred on the first emperor, and though borne officially by his successors, used in history as his proper name. He is also commonly known as Octavius. He was born at Velitræ on the ninth of the kalends of October, in the year 63 b.c.—year of Rome 691—and died at Nola on the 29th August, a.d. 14, at the age of seventy-six. He was the son of Caius Octavius and Atia, daughter of Julia, sister of the celebrated Julius Cæsar. Cæsar was thus the great-uncle of Octavius, and he named Octavius his son and heir. The youth of Octavius was one of delicate health and maternal superintendence, accompanied by the studies appropriate to his station, and varied by the duties of an office which Cæsar had conferred on him as director of the popular plays. At the age of eighteen he was at Appolonia on the Adriatic, engaged in the study of Greek literature and philosophy, when a messenger arrived informing him that Cæsar had been slain. He took his course apparently without hesitation, notwithstanding the opposition of his mother's second husband, Philippus, who advised him to remain in the obscurity of private life rather than encounter the dangers which could not fail to surround him if he claimed the inheritance of Cæsar. He repaired first to Brundisium, where he was favourably received by the legions, and afterwards to Rome, where Marc Antony was exercising the principal if not supreme authority and power. His part was difficult, but he played it with consummate skill, enlisting on his side the sympathies of the soldiery, and appearing rather as the injured heir, who was improperly kept out of his indisputable rights, than as the ambitious adventurer who, trading on the name of his uncle, was ready to grasp a crown. He appeared before the prætor, formally claimed his inheritance, accepted its responsibilities, and received in consequence the name of "Caius Julius Cæsar Octavianus." By the law of Rome, he was henceforth regarded as the virtual representative of Cæsar, as much as if he had been the son of the dictator. His object was to raise troops, and he applied himself assiduously to this, the only course that could enable him to achieve and maintain a high position. So well did he succeed that, in a short time, Marc Antony, seeing his own power decaying, and apprehensive lest he should find himself without support, withdrew to his province of Cisalpine Gaul. There, however, he was opposed by Decimus Brutus, the actual governor, who refused to resign the province. Octavius thereupon offered his aid to Antony's opponent, and the senate approved of the arrangement. Cicero also was induced to advocate the cause of Octavius, and in the year 43 b.c. the young adventurer was officially appointed proprætor with a military command, and afterwards praetor with a seat in the senate. He now joined the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, for the purpose of relieving Mutina, where Antony was besieging Decimus Brutus. Antony was defeated and driven across the Alps, the two consuls were slain in battle, and Octavius remained the sole and successful general of the forces. The senate now appeared disinclined to acknowledge his services; but Antony and Lepidus having entered into alliance recrossed the Alps, and Octavius was appointed to the joint command of the forces with Decimus Brutus. He had now an opportunity to push his fortunes. He induced his troops to clamour in his favour for the consulship, and this being refused on account of his youth—as he was only twenty years of age—he resolved to take the celebrated step of his great-uncle, and crossed the Rubicon on his way to Rome. The senate yielded; but receiving some reinforcements from Africa, again attempted to control Octavius. He established his troops in the vicinity of the Quirinal hill, entered the city with a guard, was greeted by his mother and the vestal virgins, and safely defied the power of a senate that was without military preparation. He and his kinsman, Quintus Pedius, were appointed consuls, and he caused his adoption by Cæsar to be regularly confirmed and publicly acknowledged. A prosecution was commenced against the assassins of Cæsar and their accomplices, and the accused not appearing were condemned in their absence, and declared enemies of Rome. At the same time the proscription against Antony and Lepidus was withdrawn, and Octavius prepared to enter into negociation with those leaders.
On an island of a small stream, which, in modern times, separates the Papal States from the duchy of Modena, met the three commanders of the Roman armies. Five legions attended each chief: but these remained at a distance during the conference that was to partition the empire, and to doom to destruction all who might be inimical to either of the three negotiators. Lepidus arrived first, closely examining the willows to see that no one was concealed in them. Antony and Octavius next appeared, submitting to mutual search, in case weapons might be hidden under their garments. A compact was made. Antony was to have Gaul; Lepidus, Spain; and Octavius, Sicily, Sardinia, and Africa. Three hundred senators and two thousand equites were doomed to slaughter, and the three, called henceforth triumviri, set out for Rome, where the slaughter was unrelentingly carried on under the stimulus of mercenary reward.
After the battle of Philippi, in which Brutus and Cassius, with the remnant of the republican party, were extinguished, a new division of the provinces was effected, and Lepidus lost his power, leaving Antony and Octavius to compete for the supremacy. Sicily was held by Sextus Pompeius, and Octavius, un-
