and died at Tübingen in 1835. From an early period of his life he displayed a great taste for the natural sciences. Having taken his degrees in medicine at the age of twenty-one, he visited Austria and Hungary, and afterwards went to Pavia, where he studied under Frank and Scarpa. In 1794 he visited the United States of America; and on his return he was appointed curator in the museum of natural history at Stuttgard. In 1797 he accepted the position of professor of anatomy and chemical medicine at Tübingen. He wrote extensively on natural history, physiology, and practical medicine. In 1801 he published a "Manual of Surgical Human Physiology," which was extensively read. In 1803 he published a work entitled "Remarks on the various races of men and their common origin." In 1836 he published a work on psychology, entitled "Ansichten uber Natur und Seelen leben." In 1838 Reinhard published a "Manual of Nosology and Special Therapeutics," being a rescript of the lectures of Autenrieth. He has also contributed many papers to the literature of anatomy and natural history—one on the human embryo, published in 1797, and another on the poison of fishes, published in 1833.—(Nouvelle Biographie Universelle. Bibliographia Zoologiæ et Geologiæ.)—E. L.
AUTHARIS or ANTHARIC, king of the Lombards in the latter part of the sixth century, repulsed the invasion of the Frankish monarch, Childebert II, and pushed his conquests to Istria and the districts beyond the Po.
AUTICHAMP is the titular name of a French family which has furnished able officers to the national service from as early a period as the fourteenth century. The following members of it have gained distinction in more recent times:—
Autichamp, Jean Fr. Th. Louis de Beaumont, Marquis d', one of the best cavalry officers that France has produced, was aid-de-camp to Marshal de Broglie in the Seven Years' war, and rose to be commander of the gendarmerie of Luneville. Leaving his country with the Prince de Condé in 1789, he took service in the Prussian army, and subsequently under the Russian flag. On his return to France in 1815, Louis XVIII. restored his military rank, and at the age of ninety he took an active part for that monarch in the revolution of 1830.
Autichamp, Ant. Jos. Eulalie de Beaumont, Comte d', brother of the preceding, served with Lafayette in America, returned to France during the consulate, and died in 1822.
Autichamp, Charles de Beaumont, Comte d', son of the preceding, entered the army at an early age, and at the Revolution took refuge in Vendee, where he became a leading spirit among the royalists, whose struggles have rendered the province famous. At the Restoration he was named a peer of France, and lived till 1852.—W. B.
AUTOCLES, an Athenian general, also distinguished as an orator: he lived in the fourth century before the Christian era.
AUTOCRATES, a Greek comic poet mentioned by Suidas; he wrote also a number of tragedies.
AUTOLYCUS, Greek mathematician, born at Pitane, an Æolian town in Asia, 330 b.c. He taught mathematics at Arcesilas, and has left us some specimens of the earliest Grecian mathematics; a treatise on the "Sphere in Movement" (περὶ κινουμένης σφαιρας); and the "Risings and Settings of the Stars" (περὶ Ἐπιτολων καί Δύσεων). The Greek part is that of Dasypodius, Strasburg, 8vo., 1572.—A. L.
AUTOMNE, Bernard, a French legist and critic, born at Agen 1567; died 1666; author of the works, "Commentaire sur la Coutume de Bourdeaux," 1728; "Conférence du droit Romain avec le droit Français," 1644; and "Censura Gallica in jus civile Romanorum, 1615; in the last of which he satirizes the subtleties of the Roman legists.
AUTON or ANTON, Jean d', French chronicler and poet, born 1466, died 1527. His poems recommended him to Ann of Britanny, spouse to Louis XII., who patronized him, and rewarded him with church revenues. His principal work is his "Chronique du Roi Louis XII." He translated Ovid's Metamorphoses, and left in MS. "Epîtres envoyées au Roi très-chrétien;" "L'Exil de Gesnes la superbe."
AUTPERT, AUSBERT, or ANSBERT, Ambroise, Benedictine abbot of St. Vincent in the eighth century, a commentator on the Psalms, Canticles, and Apocalypse. He was the first who called upon the pope for an approval of his works.
AUTREAU, Jacques, an eccentric French poet and painter, born 1656; died in the hospital of Incurables, 1745. His dramatic pieces, "Le Port à l'Anglais;" "La Fille Inquiéte," "Panurge à Marier," and "La Magie de l'ámour," were represented at the Théâtre Italien, and the Théâtre Francaise. Rousseau wrote the music for an opera by Autreau. It is also said that he was the author of a couplet, in which Autreau was represented as "Ce peintre Autreau toujours ivre," a pleasantry which the cynic repaid by a song celebrated at the time, and not of such agreeable memory as to find a place in the "Confessions."
AUTREY, Henri-Jean-Baptiste Fabry de Moncault, a French writer, born 1723; died 1777, He commanded a brigade of cavalry in Britanny, and employed his leisure in refuting the encyclopedists and philosophers of the eighteenth century. He wrote "L'Antiquité Pestifiee," in answer to a book of Boulanger, Paris, 1766; and "Le Pyrrhonien Raisonnable," 1765; "Les Quakers à leur Frère" (Voltaire), "Lettres plus Philosophique.... (Voltaire) que sa Religion et ses Livres," 1768. Voltaire laughed at this book: "They fancy," said he, "they can prove original sin geometrically."
AUTRONIUS, Pœtus, a Roman consul, first century b.c. He was associated in Cataline's conspiracy.
AUVERGNE, Comtes et Dauphins d'. This title was, about the middle of the eighth century, conferred on one Blandin, who sensed the Duke Waifre in his opposition to the founder of the Carlovingian dynasty, Pepin le Bref. The name figures through a great part of the early history of France.
AUVERGNE, Edouard d', an English historiographer, latter half of seventeenth century. He was a native of Jersey; became rector of Hallingbury in Essex; and, subsequently, chaplain to William III. His works comprise the history of the Continental campaigns.
AUVERGNE, Guillaume d', bishop of Paris—1100-1200—a person of great acquirements, whose works were collected and published by Le Feron in 1674.
AUVERGNE, Peyrols d', a Provençal poet of the twelfth century; author of a "Dialogue avec l'Amour."
AUVERGNE, Pierre d', a scholastic, thirteenth century; author of "Summa Questionum Quodlibeticarum."
AUVERGNE, Pierre d', a troubadour of the thirteenth century, whose name is probably taken from the circumstance of his having been born at Clermont in the province of Auvergne, and whose pieces range over the subjects of gallantry, devotion, and politics.
AUVERGNE, Pierre d', or Petrus de Cros, commentator, died 1307. Under the direction of Thomas Aquinas, he became a famous theologian and philosopher. He is the author of "Appendix Commentariorum divi Thomæ Aquinatis ad Libros Aristotelis," 1495; "Commentarii in Libros Aristotelis de Motibus Animalium," 1507; "Commentarii Super Quatuor Libros Meteororum Aristotelis," MS.
AUVIGNY, Jean du Castre d', litterateur, born 1712, and killed at the battle of Dettingen in 1743. He wrote many works, chiefly in conjunction with l'Abbé Desfontaines; among others, "Vies des Hommes Illustres de la France," 10 vols.; and "Anecdotes Galantes et Tragiques de la Cour de Néron."
AUVRAY, Jean, a French litterateur, born 1590, died 1633, who dedicated a misused leisure to the production of poems, which, though in many respects excellent, are disfigured by inconsistencies, if not disgraced by licentiousness. His two principal works, "Trésor Sacré de la Muse Sainte;" and his "Banquet des Muses ou Recueil de Satyres, Panégyriques, Mascaades, Epitaphes, Epithalames, Gayetez Amourettes et autres Poemes Profanes," exhibit a perfect contrast of piety and pruriency; Satires; Rouen, 1631.
AUVRAY, Louis-Marie, Baron, maréchal de camp honoraire, born 1762; died 1833; author of "Statistics of the departments of the Sarthe."
AUVRAY, Phillipe-Pierre-Joseph, a French painter, born 1778; died 1815. Many of his works appear in the gallery of Dresden.
AUWERA, Johann Georg Wolfgang von, a German sculptor of the early part of the eighteenth century; died at Munich in 1756. He executed several colossal statues for the cathedrals of Mainz and Bamberg, in which he fully displayed all the eccentricities of the mannerism then prevalent.—R. M.
AUXBŒUFF, Pierre, preacher and theologian in the university of Paris, commencement of fifteenth century, celebrated for the sermons which he preached in the churches of Paris. They have been translated into Latin. The latest edition is that printed at Anvers by Lestunius, 1643.
