body of crusaders Laving arrived at Jerusalem, Baldwin led them to the battle of Rama, where the Christian forces were routed. He fled to Joppa, and was there besieged by the Saracens; but a successful sortie, in which the infidels were defeated, once more restored the courage of the crusaders. In 1104 Baldwin, with the aid of a Genoese fleet, captured Ptolemais (Acre), and in 1109 he took Berytus. The following year he besieged and took Sidon, and in 1115 built the castle and fortress of Montreal. After gaining several victories over the Saracens, he was attacked with dysentery in Egypt, and died in the desert in 1118, on his way back to Palestine. His body was carried to Jerusalem, to be interred next that of Godfrey. Although thrice married, he left no children.—P. E. D.
BALDWIN II., king of Jerusalem, was the eldest son of Hugh, count of Bethel, and cousin of Baldwin I., whom he had succeeded as count of Edessa. He was crowned king of Jerusalem on Easter-day, 1118. Godfrey de Bouillon, the first king, had refused the diadem and insignia of royalty, saying that he "would not wear a crown of gold where the Saviour had worn a crown of thorns." The emblems of royalty are thus enumerated in the assizes of Jerusalem:—"They put the ring on his finger, as signifying faith; then they girded on the sword, which means justice, to defend the faith and holy church; and after that the crown, which signifies dignity; and then the sceptre, which signifies to defend and punish; and then the apple, or globe, which signifies the earth and soil of the kingdom." In 1119 Baldwin marched to the relief of Antioch, and defeated the Moslems in several engagements. In 1124 he was taken prisoner by the Saracens. During his captivity the affairs of the kingdom were administered by Eustace Garnier, lord of Cesaræa and Sidon, and during this regency the city of Tyre was taken by the crusaders. In August, 1124, Baldwin was ransomed, and ineffectually attempted to besiege Aleppo. The six latter years of his life were devoted to various expeditions, and at his death, August 21, 1131, the kingdom of Jerusalem had been greatly enlarged. At this period it comprehended the whole of Syria, with the exception of Aleppo, Damascus, Emesa, and Hamaah, with their territories. It was during the reign of Baldwin II. that the pope gave his sanction to the institution of the knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and the knights-templars, who occupy so prominent a place in history. William of Tyre gives Baldwin a favourable character, and says that he was a brave soldier, a prudent leader, and a pious man. He had no immediate heir, and was succeeded by Foulque of Anjou, who had married his daughter Melisanda.—P. E. D.
BALDWIN III., king of Jerusalem, was born in 1130, and died February 23, 1163. He succeeded his father, Foulque, in 1143, and governed at first under the regency of his mother, Melisanda. During his reign the Christians of the East lost the county of Edessa, which was invaded by the sultan of Aleppo. A new crusade was the consequence, led by the Emperor Conrad, and Louis-le-Jeune of France. These princes arrived in Palestine in 1148, and Baldwin joined them in an attempt to besiege Damascus; but the enterprise was rendered abortive by the jealousies of the several forces. In 1149 he rebuilt and fortified the ancient town of Gaza, and in August, 1153, took the city of Ascalon, after a siege of seven months. In 1159 he made himself master of Cesaræa, which he ceded to Renaldo, prince of Antioch. He left no children, and was succeeded by his brother Amaury, to whom he had previously given the lordship of Ascalon.—P. E. D.
BALDWIN IV., king of Jerusalem, was born in 1160, and died March 16, 1186. He succeeded his father, Amaury, in 1173, and in November, 1177, was present at the battle of Rama, where Saladin was defeated. The power of the Christians, however, was on the decline, and Saladin, who was master of Egypt and the greater part of Syria, surprised Baldwin near Sidon, in the following year, defeated him, and very nearly captured the young monarch. In 1183 Baldwin became leprous, and was incapable of fulfilling the duties of his station. He therefore gave his sister Sybilla, widow of William of Montferrat, in marriage to Guy of Lusignan. His design in this alliance was to provide for the kingdom a regent, and a tutor for his nephew Baldwin, the heir presumptive to the throne. But Guy did not long retain his offices. The barons of the Holy Land deprived him of both, giving one to the count of Tripoli, and the other to the count of Edessa. Guy, enraged at the affront, withdrew with his wife to Ascalon, which formed a portion of her dower. There he engaged in schemes which caused him to be cited to Jerusalem. He refused the summons, under the pretext of illness. The king thereupon marched on Ascalon, and finding the gates closed, returned to Jerusalem, with his authority compromised, and the kingdom on the verge of ruin. The following year (1184), seeing the rapid progress of Saladin, he sent the patriarch of Jerusalem, with the grand-masters of the Hospital and the Temple, to implore from Europe the aid of Christendom. During their absence his disease proved fatal, and he died without heirs. His nephew, who had been crowned in 1183, under the title of Baldwin V., died in 1185, poisoned, it is said, by his mother Sybilla, who wished to secure the throne for her second husband, Guy of Lusignan.—P. E. D.
BALDWIN, Archbishop, was born of obscure parents at Exeter, but was liberally educated, and became abbot of Ford, a Cistercian house in Devonshire. In 1184 he was, after some technical difficulties had been surmounted, elected archbishop of Canterbury, being the first of his order so elevated. He received his pall in 1185 from Pope Lucius III., and was appointed apostolic legate by Urban III. He effectually asserted the claims of Canterbury to pre-eminence in the English church, and insisted on all English bishops receiving consecration from the hands of the archbishop of that see. He died at Acre, at which place he had joined the king's army. He was a man of great abstinence, and of a lenient disposition. He wrote several theological tracts, published by Tissier, 1662.—J. B., O.
BALE, John, Bishop, was born November 21, 1495, at Cove, in Suffolk, and educated at Jesus' college, Oxford. He early sided with the Reformation movement, and enjoyed the protection of Cromwell, after whose death, however, he was forced to fly the country. Edward VI. recalled him, and made him bishop of Ossory, to which see he was consecrated in 1553, by the archbishop of Dublin. His zeal for the Reformation, not always tempered with discretion, rendered him very obnoxious to the Romish party, and he had to escape to Holland, whence he retired to Basle, where he remained during Mary's reign. On Elizabeth's accession, he returned home, and was made prebendary of Canterbury, in possession of which preferment he died in 1563. His chief work is his "Lives of the most eminent writers of Great Britain," written in Latin, published at different times. He wrote many controversial pieces, disfigured by much intemperance of language and coarseness, and most writers of credit consider him unfair and uncandid beyond the usual rancour of controversy. He also wrote nineteen miracle plays to forward the Reformation, and had some of them acted on Sundays at Kilkenny, during his sojourn in Ireland.—J. B., O.
BALECHOU, Jean Jacques Nicolas, a French engraver, born at Arles, 1715; died at Avignon, 1765; produced several prints after Vernet and Vanloo that could rank amongst the best specimens of engraving, if the zeal for eking out all the details of colour and touch of the originals did not degenerate into mannerism and dryness. A portrait of Augustus, king of Poland, for the gallery of Dresden, is justly considered his masterpiece.—R. M.
BALEN, Hendrik van, a historical painter of the Flemish school, born at Antwerp 1560; died 1633; studied first under Adam Van Noort, and then in Italy. He returned very proficient in his art, especially in design and colour. His studies from the life-model are particularly valued.—R. M.
BALEN, Johannes van, born at Antwerp in 1611, died in 1653, the son of the preceding.
BALEN, Matthias, a Dutch historical and landscape painter of the seventeenth century, a native of Dortrecht; a pupil of Honbraken. He also was a skilful engraver.
BALEN, Pierre, a historical painter, born at Liege in 1580; studied under Lambert Lombard, his father-in-law. He visited Italy, and, with the exception of his large picture of the "Trinity" at Liege, executed only works of a very small size.—R. M.
BALES, Peter, a famous master of the art of penmanship, was born in London in the year 1547. He seems to have acquired an extraordinary power of writing in miniature, for Holinshed in his Chronicles tells us that he wrote within the compass of a penny, the Lord's Prayer, the Creed, the Decalogue, two short Latin prayers, his own name and motto, with the day of the month and year. This extraordinary multum in parvo he presented to the queen in a ring, which she sometimes wore. This feat seems to have brought him into notice at court, for, during several years, we find him employing his art to serve the
