composed stirring lines on the fate of his unhappy country, which obtained the greatest success. The Spanish government having got hold of him, accused him before the Inquisition in 1541; but public opinion being in his favour, that tribunal dared not carry out their sentence. Bandarra's couplets became in 1640 the Marsellaise of the Portuguese nation.—A. C. M.
* BANDEL, Joseph Ernst von, a German sculptor, was born at Anspach in 1800. He was entered a pupil at the Royal Academy at Munich, and soon exhibited a life-size statue, in plaster, of Mars reposing, which attracted much attention. His marble statue of Charitas (1833) was still more admired. He chiefly excels in busts, of which those of King Maximilian of Bavaria (1832), and of the reigning prince of Lippe-Detmold may be mentioned. He made himself widely known, when, in 1838, he proposed a colossal statue of Arminius to be erected on the height of the Teutoburg forest; his design was hailed with great, but transitory enthusiasm, and some years after was abandoned for want of funds. He now lives at Berlin.—K. E.
BANDELLI, Matteo, an Italian theologian, sent by Boniface VIII. in 1298 to conduct the affairs of the church in Constantinople, is the author of a work entitled "Luoghi Communi di Tutta la Santa Scrittura."
BANDELLO, Matteo, born in 1480 at Castelnuovo, near Tortona. When thirteen years of age he was sent to Rome, and soon after admitted into the order of the Dominicans. In his youth he travelled all through Italy, Spain, France, and Germany, after which he settled in Mantua, invited there by Giulio Cesare Scaglieri, who honoured him with his friendship. Intrusted with the education of Lucrezia, the daughter of Pietro Gonzaga, he insinuated himself into that sovereign's favour, who introduced him to other Italian princes. He was charged by them with many important negotiations, in which he displayed great diplomatic ability. Having espoused the French interests in Italy, and the Spaniards having succeeded in driving the French army behind the Alps, he was compelled to quit his country and repair to France, where Cesare Fregoso offered him an asylum in his castle at Bassen, near Agen. Here he passed his time reviewing his manuscripts, but his protector having been murdered, King Henry II. offered him the bishopric of Agen, then vacant. Bandello being thus relieved from want, continued his literary pursuits, leaving the care of his diocese to John Valerie, bishop of Grasse. His works are many; he wrote in Latin and Italian, but he has gained his celebrity only by his novels, which he published when seventy years of age. He might indeed be considered Bocaccio's teacher in obscene descriptions, which are not even heightened by any merit in style or language; but his conciseness, clearness, and versatility, have given him a conspicuous place amongst the novelists of Italy. He died at Agen in 1562.—A. C. M.
BANDELLO, Vincent de, general of the order of Dominicans, born at Castel-Nuova in 1435, was professor of theology at Bologna. He ridiculed the Franciscans for holding the immaculate conception, in a work entitled "Libellus Recollectorius de Veritate Conceptionis B. Mariæ Virginis." Died in 1506.
BANDIERA, Attilio, born at Venice in 1810. Emilio, born at Venice in 1815. The brothers Bandiera, sprung of an old patrician family, were sons of Baron Bandiera, rear-admiral in the Austrian service. Educated to the same profession as their father, they had risen at an early age to a high rank in the Austrian navy; but, notwithstanding the brilliant career assured to them by their own and their father's position, the uniform they wore was hateful to them, and they endeavoured by every secret means in their power, to place themselves in contact with the conspirators in every part of Italy, and with the Italian exiles abroad. The two brothers were united by an intense affection, by a mutual belief that it was the duty of every Italian to wage unceasing war with the foreign rulers of Italy, and by grief at what they, in common with their countrymen, regarded as their father's shame. The name of Baron Bandiera was held in universal execration in Italy, in consequence of his having, in direct defiance of the articles of the capitulation of Ancona, arrested the Italian patriots who had embarked thence for France. In 1842 the brothers succeeded in entering into correspondence with Joseph Mazzini, then an exile in England. They wrote to him letters expressive of the reverence of ardent disciples, addressing him as their leader and teacher, and informing him that their principles and political creed were identical with those promulgated in the Giovine Italia, the organ of a national Italian association bearing that name, and founded by him with a view of uniting the Italians of every part of the Peninsula into one vast conspiracy, having for its aim the expulsion of the Austrians, the overthrow of the existing governments of Italy, and the union of all the Italian states into one nation, with Rome for the capital. The fact that the brothers Bandiera were engaged in Italian conspiracies having been betrayed to the Austrian government by Micciarelli, a pretended friend, since editor of a "moderate" newspaper in Malta, they were obliged to fly from Venice by night to Corfu. The Austrian government, fearing that the example of the Bandiera might be contagious, should their desertion become known to the other Italian officers in the service, endeavoured by conciliatory measures to induce them to return. "The Archduke Raimeri," wrote Emilio to Mazzini, "viceroy of the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, sent one of his people to my mother, to tell her that if she could succeed in bringing me back to Venice, he would engage his sacred word of honour, that not only I should be acquitted, but restored to my rank, to my nobility, and to my honours." The mother hastened to her son, but failed to shake his resolution to desert the service of Austria, and devote himself to the cause of Italy. In the same letter he adds, "In vain I endeavour to make her comprehend that duty orders me to remain here; that I should be happy to see my country again, but that when I shall direct my steps towards it, it will not be to live there an ignominious life, but to die there a glorious death—that no affection ought to be able to detach me from the flag I have embraced—that the flag of a king may be abandoned, that of a country, never! My mother, agitated, blinded by passion, cannot comprehend me; calls me impious, unnatural, assassin, and her tears rend my heart; her reproaches, well as I feel I do not merit them, are to me as so many strokes of a poniard; but the desolation does not deprive me of mind. I know that these tears and this anger fall upon our tyrants, whose ambition condemns families to such struggles. Write to me a word of consolation." At Corfu, the brothers received a citation to appear before the Austrian court-martial, to which they replied together by a refusal, which they published in the Maltese journals. They were joined at Corfu by Domenico Moro, a young officer who had been their friend from infancy, and now followed their example of desertion from the service of Austria, and by Nicola Ricciotti (see Ricciotti), a Roman exile, who came from Spain where news of the agitations in Romagna had reached him. Ricciotti went first to London, to see and confer with Mazzini, and learned from him that the brothers Bandiera were then endeavouring to organize an insurrection in central Italy, and that they were induced to hope for success from the extraordinary ferment and agitation that prevailed throughout those provinces, during the whole of the year 1843. On reaching Corfu, however, Ricciotti found that the brothers Bandiera had abandoned the idea of action in the Centre, and had decided on attempting to head an insurrection in Calabria. He acquainted Mazzini with their plans, and Mazzini, believing the success of the enterprise impossible, and earnestly desirous of preserving lives on which he set the highest value, used every effort to dissuade them from their purpose. It is probable, from the reverence in which he was held by the Bandiera, that his representations might have succeeded in preventing the movement, had it not been for the machinations of the Neapolitan government, which, informed of their scheme, determined to further it, in order the more surely to destroy them. Neapolitan police agents were despatched to Corfu in various disguises. Some of them even entered the ranks of the conspirators; all poured into their ears the most encouraging reports. They stated that all Calabria was in flames, that bands of armed insurgents overran the mountains, that leaders alone were wanting, &c.
The manner in which the conspiracy became known to the Neapolitan government was for some time a mystery; nor was it explained until the publication of the reports of the committees of the English Houses of Lords and Commons on the subject of letter-opening at the English post-office, when it became known that the English cabinet had for months intercepted and opened the letters addressed to Mazzini. Attilio Bandiera had written to Mazzini—"Trusting to the well-known integrity of the English post, you may safely direct here to my name." This trust was their ruin. Mazzini did not discover the violation of his correspondence until too late to save his friends. The representations of the Neapolitan agents as to the state of Calabria,
