cine, theology, and poetry. Among them may be noted his "Orationes," 1632; his "Poemata," 1645; his "Epistolæ," 1667; and his "Ens Rationis," 1677.—J. B.
BARLÆUS, Melchior van, uncle of the preceding, and a native of Antwerp, lived in the second half of the 16th century. His principal works are poems written in the Latin language.
BARLES, Louis, a French physician, who lived at Marseilles towards the end of the seventeenth century. He published a translation of Degraaf's works on the organs of generation. He has attached to this work some notes from Van Hoorm and Veslingius, with several plates; the title is "Les Nouvelles découvertes sur les organes des femmes servant à la génération," Lyons, 1674; "Les Nouvelles découvertes sur les organes des hommes servant à la génération," Lyons, 1675. These two treatises are united. Lyons, 1680.—E. L.
BARLETTA, Gabriello, a celebrated Italian preacher of the fifteenth century, supposed to have been born at Barletta in the kingdom of Naples. A volume of his sermons, printed at Brescia in 1497-98, is extant, and from that publication, as well as from contemporary notices of the preacher, it would appear that his style, although occasionally relieved by quaint and felicitous turns, was on the whole low and vulgar.
BARLOW, Francis, an English painter and engraver, born in Lincolnshire in 1646; died in 1702; particularly noted for his etchings of animals.—R. M.
BARLOW, Sir George Hilaro, Bart., G.C.B., fourth son of William Barlow, Esq., of Bath, was born about the year 1762. He entered the civil service of the East India Company in 1778; in 1787 was selected by Lord Cornwallis to conduct an inquiry into the state of commerce and manufactures in Benares, for which he received the thanks of the board of directors. In the following year he became sub-secretary to the supreme government in the revenue department, in which he carried into effect many useful and salutary reforms. In 1796 he became chief secretary to the supreme government, in which department he effected reductions to the extent of £12,000 a-year. In 1801 he was promoted to a seat at the council board of the Bengal presidency, and in this capacity he was enabled to render Lord Wellesley many important services, as he had done to Lord Cornwallis, when that nobleman established a new code of laws and jurisprudence. In 1802 he was made provisional governor-general of India, and raised to the baronetage in the following year. In 1805 Lord Cornwallis returned to India to resume the reins of government on the retirement of Lord Wellesley; but dying in the course of a few months, he left the administration of the country to Sir G. Barlow, who carried into effect the pacific intentions of his predecessor, by making peace with the Mahratta powers. On the death of Mr. Pitt in 1806, he was succeeded in his governorship by Lord Minto, and was honoured with the order of the Bath. In 1809 he was appointed governor of Madras, where he suppressed a serious mutiny by his energy, firmness, and activity. It was the expressed intention of George III. to have raised Sir G. Barlow to the peerage for these services, when the Regency brought with it a change of government at home, and Sir G. Barlow was recalled. He returned to England in 1814, with a pension of £1500 a-year. He died at his residence in Surrey, December 18, 1846.—E. W.
BARLOW, Joel, an American poet, who flourished during the stirring years of revolution, was born at Reading, Connecticut, in 1755. He was the son of a farmer, and the youngest of his ten children. In 1787 his reputation was established by the publication of his greatest poem, "The Vision of Columbus," which he dedicated to Louis XVI. of France. In the following year he visited England, whence he crossed to Paris, attracted by the news of the Revolution; there he remained for two years, attached to the Girondists. In 1795 he was appointed by Washington, American consul at Algiers, and was successful in negociating a treaty with that government, as well as with Tunis and Tripoli. Having spent several years longer at Paris, he returned to America with a considerable fortune; and, having built an elegant mansion near the city of Washington, he devoted himself to literary pursuits. In 1808 he published his "Vision of Columbus" in an enlarged form, and named it "The Columbiad." He projected a history of the United States, and had indeed begun to prepare it, when in 1811 he was appointed minister plenipotentiary to the French government. In the following year he was invited by the duke of Bassano to attend a conference with Napoleon at Wilna in Poland. Travelling in haste, he was seized with inflammation, and at Zarnowitch, a little village near Cracow, on the 12th December, 1812, the strangely varied, but withal brilliant career of this revolutionary poet and statesman came to a close.—J. B.
BARLOW, Nicholas, a celebrated English horologist, who invented in 1676 the repeater clock, and about fifteen years later the repeater watch.
BARLOW, Peter, an eminent engineer and scientific writer, born in 1766, was for many years professor of mathematics at Woolwich. The world of science owes much to him. He led the way in the attempt to correct practically the deviation of the compass due to the local attraction of ships. His correcting-plate, however, did not apply to the case of iron ships. He was the author of a very valuable mathematical and philosophical dictionary, and wrote for the Encyclopædia Metropolitana one of its most valuable volumes, viz., an account of modern machinery. The life of Mr. Barlow was a most useful one, and his labours are all very meritorious. He died on the 1st March, 1862.
BARLOW, Thomas, bishop of Lincoln from 1675 till his death in 1691, was educated at Queen's college, Oxford. He resided at the university upwards of fifty years, holding in succession various honorary and magisterial offices. His works, a list of which is given by Wood, consist chiefly of controversial and casuistical dissertations in theology.—J. S., G.
BARLOW, William, D.D., bishop of Rochester, 1605; translated to Lincoln, 1608; a native of Lancashire; became fellow of Trinity hall, Cambridge; prebendary of Westminster, 1601; dean of Chester, 1602; prebendary of Canterbury, 1605; died at Buckden, September 7, 1613. When dean of Chester, he drew up, by direction of Archbishop Whitgift, an account of the conference at Hampton court in January, 1603, which was published in 1604. He also published some controversial tracts, and a life of Dr. Richard Cosin.—T. F.
BARLOW, William, an eminent scientific writer of the beginning of the seventeenth century, became chaplain to prince Henry, eldest son of James I., and in 1614 archdeacon of Salisbury. He was the first English writer on the nature and properties of the magnet. A treatise on this subject, and his "Navigator's Supply," 1597, are his principal works. Barlow died in 1625.
BARLOWE, William, bishop of St. Asaph's in the reign of Henry VIII. Before the Reformation he was prior of the Augustine monastery at Bisham in Berks, but being regarded as singularly favourable to the king's designs with respect to the church, was honoured with an embassy to Scotland in 1535, and in the same year was created bishop of St. Asaph's. He was translated to the bishopric of Bath and Wells in 1547; was deprived of that see on the accession of Queen Mary, and retired to Germany. Elizabeth gave him the bishopric of Chichester in 1559. Died in 1568. He wrote some controversial pamphlets, and a work entitled "Cosmography."—J. S., G.
BARMEKIDES, an illustrious family of the Khorassan, the romance of whose history is equally familiar to Europeans in the Thousand and One Nights, and to Orientals in the pages of their historians and poets, flourished at the court of the first Abasside khalifs. Barmek, the founder of the family, transmitted the honours conferred on him by the Khalif Abd-al-Malik to his son Khalid, and from him they passed to his son Yahia, who becoming tutor to the famous Haroun-al-Raschid, acquired an influence over that prince, which, with Haroun's personal affection for the family, carried his sons Fadl or Fazl, Jaafar, Mohammed, and Mousa, to the highest dignities of the court. The virtues and munificence of the Barmekides, were, for a long period displayed under favour of Haroun, as well as to the admiration of his subjects; but one of the brothers, Jaafar, having at last become an object of suspicion to the cruel and treacherous khalif, Yahia and his sons were suddenly seized, Jaafar beheaded, and the others condemned to perpetual imprisonment. The year 802 is assigned as the date of this tragedy.—J. S., G.
BARNABAS, a companion of the apostle Paul, and a fellow-labourer, of whom we read in the Acts of the Apostles.
BARNARD, Sir Andrew Francis, K.C.B., was born in 1773, and served under Abercromby in Egypt, and Wellington in the Peninsula. On the occupation of Paris by the allied forces in 1814, he was appointed to the command of that city; he was afterwards an equerry to George IV., and clerk-marshal of the household to William IV. and to the late Queen Dowager Adelaide. He died unmarried, January 17, 1855.—(Hardwicke's Annual Biography.)—E. W.
