upright, modest, candid, and friendly. He had no disguise or artifice, but was free and communicative in conversation. He was very generous and charitable. The estate he left was books, which had been so well chosen that they sold for more than they cost.
His sermons are rather treatises or dissertations, than discourses for the multitude. They are vigorous in conception, excellent in matter, and nervous in style, though there are too many parentheses, which interrupt the thread of discourse and obscure to some extent its perspicuity. Pervaded by a manly eloquence, they at once carry conviction to the mind. Charles II. called him "an unfair preacher, because he exhausted every subject, leaving nothing for any person that came after him to say." The length of his sermons is unusual. That on the duty and reward of bounty occupied three hours and a half in preaching. The first edition of his theological works was edited by Dr. Tillotson, and published in 1685, in three folio volumes. A fourth was added in 1687, containing the "Opuscula." The three English volumes consist of treatises on the "Pope's Supremacy and the Unity of the Church;" "Expositions of the Lord's Prayer, the Decalogue, the Creed," &c., and sermons. The best edition is that of 1830, in eight volumes, 8vo.
As a mathematician. Dr. Barrow was no less celebrated than as a divine. His principal mathematical works are "Euclidis Elementa," published at Cambridge in 1655, 8vo, during his absence on the continent. This was translated into English, and published in 1660, London. Euclid's "Data," Cambridge, 1657, 8vo, was subjoined to the preceding in later editions. But his best work in this department is his "Lectiones Opticæ xviii.; Cantabrigiæ in Scholis Publicis Habitæ," &c., London, 1669, 4to. Sir Isaac Newton revised and enlarged it. He was only surpassed in mathematical science by his great pupil.
The genius of Barrow was comprehensive, for he not only excelled in divinity and mathematics, but also indulged in the flowery paths of poetry, having composed verses both in Greek and Latin. And when we look upon his christian virtues, he stands before us as a man rarely excelled in the combination of great natural abilities, profound acquirements, and unostentatious piety. His life, written by Arthur Hill, is commonly prefixed to editions of his collected works.—S. D.
BARROW, Sir John, LL.D., F.R.S., was born in 1764 in a small cottage in the village of Dragleybuck, North Lancashire. His early education, but for his extraordinary aptitude and diligence, would have been scanty, inasmuch as it was formally concluded in his thirteenth year, at which age, according to his autobiography, having read a number of the classics and made some progress in the mathematics, he was taken from school and set to assist in surveying some estates in Yorkshire. His next occupation was that of superintendent and clerk at an iron foundry in Liverpool. At the end of two years he quitted that situation; and, after making a voyage to Greenland on board a whaler, found congenial employment in a mathematical academy at Greenwich. Here he was taken notice of by Sir George Staunton, who, on becoming secretary to Lord Macartney, then about to set out on an embassy to China, appointed him comptroller of the ambassador's household. From this period, 1792, so favourably were his intelligence and his zeal for the public service reported by the members of this embassy, Mr. Barrow was always consulted by the government on the occasion of any difficulty arising in our relations with the Celestial empire. He returned to England in 1794, and in 1797 accompanied Lord Macartney to the Cape of Good Hope, as private secretary. His lordship, quitting the colony in the following year, appointed Mr. Barrow to the post of auditor-general of public accounts, civil and military, which he held till the evacuation of the Cape in 1803. On his return to England in that year, he published a volume of "Travels in South Africa," to which he added a supplement in the following year. Lord Melville, on taking office as first lord of the admiralty in 1804, appointed Barrow to the post of second secretary; and that office, with a short interruption occasioned by a change of ministry, he held till 1845, when he retired from public life. He was created a baronet in 1835. Equally as an author and as a public servant, he enjoyed the respect of his countrymen. His services in this latter character to the cause of science, especially his exertions in connection with the expeditions of Franklin and Ross, were recognized in 1845 by the presentation of a candelabrum, the gift of officers who had served in various arctic voyages. His labours as an author, modestly enumerated in his autobiography, comprise, besides the work above-mentioned, "Travels in China," "Chronological History of Arctic Voyages," and "Voyages of Discovery and Research within the Arctic Regions." He died in 1849, having completed his eighty-fifth year.—J. S., G.
BARROW, William, LL.D , prebendary of Southwell, rector of Beelsby, Lincolnshire, and archdeacon of Nottingham; born in the West Riding of Yorkshire; educated at Sedbergh and Queen's college, Oxford; B.A. 1778, M.A. 1783, B. and D.C.L. 1785; died April 19, 1836. He was the author of the "Bampton Lectures," 1799, besides other theological works.—T. F.
BARROWE, Henry, an eminent sectary, was a native of Norfolk. He was of honourable descent, "a gentleman of a good house," according to the testimony of his contemporary, Lord Bacon (Works, fol. ed., vol. iv. p. 356). He received his education at Corpus Christi college, Cambridge, where he took his degree of B.A. in 1569. Having devoted himself to the study of law, he became a member of Gray's Inn. At this period he seems to have freely indulged in the gaieties of the metropolis, and it is probable also in many of its vices. Through his family connections, he found access to Queen Elizabeth, and was for some time a frequenter of her court. His change from this mode of life to one of "preciseness in the highest degree," is described by Bacon as "a leap, the strangeness of which made him very much spoken of." "Being missed at court by his consorts and acquaintance, it was quickly bruited abroad that Barrowe was turned puritan."—(Bradford Dialogue, in Young's Chronicle of the Pilgrims, Boston, p. 433.) A puritan, however, Barrowe did not long remain; the point at which puritanism stopped fell far short of that to which his studies of scripture led him in reference to ecclesiastical matters. He accordingly associated with those who were tending towards the independent or congregational platform of church polity, and among them he came to occupy so much the place of a leader, that the early congregationalist in England have often been called "Barrowists." Had he remained a puritan he would in all probability have been safe; but by becoming an Independent he exposed himself to constant vexation, and ultimately brought down on himself a martyr's fate. On the 19th of November, 1586, whilst visiting some of his nonconformist brethren, who were for conscience' sake imprisoned in the Clink, he was himself arrested and imprisoned. In the afternoon of the same day he was brought before the high commission court, where, though it was Sunday, Whitgift, bishop of London, presided. Being required, according to the fashion of this inquisitorial tribunal, to swear the oath ex efficio, by which the person under trial "was bound to answer all questions, and might thereby accuse himself or his most intimate friend" (Hume, vol. v. p. 267), he refused, partly on the ground of the solemnity of oaths in general, and partly on the ground of the unconstitutional nature of that oath in particular. Some sharp words passed between the bishop and him; and the conference ended by his being remanded to prison. On the 27th of the same month he was again brought before the court of commission, when he again refused to take the oath. He was sent back to prison, where he was confined for four months. On the 24th of March he was examined before the commission on his affirmation without oath. On this occasion he avowed opinions on ecclesiastical matters which went far beyond those held by the puritans, especially in the denial of the legitimacy of an establishment of the church by the state, and the assertion of the right of private christians to share in the regulation and management of churches. He protested, at the same time, his full allegiance to the queen, and his entire submission to the civil power in all temporal matters. In such examinations and discussions other three months were consumed, and at length he was, with a companion of the name of Greenwood, a minister, committed to the Fleet prison, where they lay for several years. During this interval Barrowe's pen was not idle, and several controversial works were issued by him, "scandalous and seditious writings," as the biographer of Whitgift calls them, but which contain nothing beyond an exposition and defence of his peculiar ecclesiastical views. For these writings, however, it was resolved to bring him again to trial; and accordingly he was, on the 23rd of March, 1593, indicted at the Old Bailey, along with several others, for writing and publishing certain books and pamphlets tending to the slander of the queen's government. The only one of his writings given in as evidence against him, was a work entitled "A Brief Dissection of the False Church," in which, whatever there may be of ecclesiastical
