and subsequently became physician to the commander-in-chief and the colonial troops at Antigua, and one of the judges of that island; he wrote several works on diet and regimen, the materia medica, fashionable diseases, &c.; also a pamphlet of "Unanswerable arguments against the abolition of the Slave Trade." Died at Harrowgate, 24th April, 1802.—W. A.
ADAIR, John, F.R.S., an eminent Scottish hydrographer, of whose personal history little is known. He lived at the close of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth centuries, and his name is connected with various coast surveys of Scotland, and maps which have been preserved.
ADAIR, Robert, of Holybrooke, in the county of Wicklow, was descended from Robert, elder son of Maurice, fourth earl of Kildare, who, in a family feud or quarrel, killed in single combat Gerald, commonly called "The White Knight," second son of Gerald, earl of Desmond, at a place called the ford of Ath-dáre, in the county of Limerick, and made his escape to Scotland in the reign of Robert Bruce, taking the name of Ath-darè or Adaìr. The family assumed the title of Lairds of Kinhilt in Galloway, and returned to Ireland in 1630. Robert Adair of Holybrooke, from whom Sir George Hodson, Bart., the present proprietor, is lineally descended, is the "Robin" of the song set to the music of the old Irish air "Aileen Aroon." He was remarkable for his convivial habits, as memorials of which, two claret goblets of mighty proportions yet exist at Holybrooke, and the recollection of his musical tastes is still preserved in an Irish harp of rude workmanship, but of graceful proportion, which bears his name. Died in 1737.—J. F. W.
ADALARD. See Adalhard.
ADALBERON, archbishop of Rheims, and chancellor of France, was born about the middle of the tenth century, and died 988. He distinguished himself, both as prelate and minister, under Lotharius, Louis V., and Hugh Capet. Some of his letters are to he found amongst those of Gerbert, and two of his sermons appear in the Chronicle of Moissac.
ADALBERON, Ascelin or Azelin, bishop of Laon, born about the middle of the tenth century, died 19th July, 1030. Besides a satirical poem dedicated to King Robert, in which are to be found some curious historical traits, several unpublished writings of his still exist.
ADALBERT, a French bishop, who was accused of heresy by Boniface, archbishop of Mayence, and in 747 convicted by a council held at Soissons. The accounts of Adalbert that have reached us are from his accusers, and cannot be received with implicit faith; but there seems little doubt that he laid claim to inspiration, and inculcated the worship of angels.
ADALBERT I. lived in the ninth century, was the son of Boniface, count of Lucca, and assumed the title of Marquis of Tuscany. He supported the claims of Carloman, son of Louis of Germany, to the throne of Italy, and was in that struggle the opponent of Pope John VIII.—Adalbert II., surnamed "the Rich," his son and successor, is noted for the fickleness of his conduct in the contests for the throne of Italy, which occupied the end of the ninth and beginning of the tenth centuries. He even aspired to that throne himself, but was baffled in his attempt. Died in 917.—J. B.
ADALBERT, Saint, of Prague, the apostle of Prussia, was born about the middle of the tenth century; died in 997. In 983 he was promoted to the see of Prague, of which he was the second bishop. His extreme severity repelled the Bohemians, whom he vainly strove to wean from their pagan rites; and, discouraged, he withdrew to Rome, until the Bohemians recalled him in 993. After several years spent in fruitless labour, he was assassinated in 997.
ADALBERT, archbishop of Bremen, was descended from Otho II., emperor of Germany, and the Greek princess Theophania. His archbishopric was the centre of missionary efforts among the Slavonic tribes north and east of the Elbe, and to the discharge of its peculiar duties he applied himself with great fervour. He sought by every means to aggrandize his church, and was thus the constant opponent of the secular nobility of Saxony. He died at Goslar in 1072.—J. B.
ADALBERT, archbishop of Mayence, to which dignity he was raised in 1111 by Henry V., emperor of Germany. The history of this churchman is not unlike that of Thomas A'Becket. He had been chancellor to the emperor, and had assisted him in laying claim to the power of installing bishops. No sooner, however, was he made archbishop, than he became a zealous champion of the rights of the church, and the enemy of his former patron. He was imprisoned by the emperor, but released in 1115 in consequence of a popular tumult raised in his behalf. He revenged his sufferings by exciting a rebellion among the nobility, and at the death of the emperor he prevented the election of his nephew, Frederick of Suabia, and secured the elevation of Lothar, duke of Saxony, to the imperial dignity.—J. B.
ADALHARD, abbot of Corbie (born about 753, died 826), was one of the first who openly preached that obedience to the laws was a duty equally obligatory on the patrician and the plebeian. Charlemagne intrusted him with many important missions, and named him his delegate at the council of Rome in 809; but he fell into disgrace with Louis le Debonnaire, the nobles having represented him to that monarch as an ambitious demagogue.—S.
ADALOALDUS, king of the Lombards, born at Modena about a.d. 602, was the son of Agilulfus, who induced the Lombards to acknowledge him as king when he was only three years of age. In 616, at the death of his father, he entered on the duties of government in conjunction with his mother. After her death he showed symptoms of insanity, and was guilty of several deeds of cruelty, on account of which he was deposed.
ADAM, (from a root signifying "to be red," or from "adamah," ground), was the name of the first man.
ADAM, a learned monk of London, who lived early in the 14th century. His works are—1st, "The Life of St. Hugh of Lincoln;" 2d, "Two Treatises on the advantages of Tribulation," London, 1530; 3d, "Scala-cæli;" "De Sumptione Eucharistiæ;" "Speculum Spiritualium." The last exist in MS.
ADAM. Three brothers of this name, all sculptors, flourished about the middle of the eighteenth century. Lambert Sigisbert, the eldest, was born in 1700, died in 1759. Cardinal de Polignac intrusted to him the reparation of twelve marble statues, found in the palace of Marius at Rome, and known as the family of Lycomedes; a commission which he executed with much skill. His "Neptune stilling the waves " is well known, and it was he who finished the "Neptune and Amphitrite "which adorns the fountain of Neptune at Versailles. His anatomy is correct, and his draperies beautiful, but he prostituted his genius to the bad taste of the period. The "Prometheus devoured by a Vulture," of his brother, Nicholas-Sebastian, is a fine work, but his chef-d'œuvre is the tomb of the queen of Poland, wife of Stanislaus. The third brother, François Gaspard, has left no work of consequence.—S.
ADAM, Alexander, LL.D., an eminent scholar and teacher, was born June 24, 1741, at Coates of Burgie in the parish of Rafford, Morayshire, where his father rented a small farm. He was taught the elements of English by a schoolmistress, to whose gentle treatment he was afterwards wont to attribute his love of learning. He was next sent to the parish school, where his progress was so rapid, that his father resolved to give him a learned education, and sent him to the university of Edinburgh. During his course there he was compelled to support himself by private teaching, and his remuneration was so scanty that he was obliged, as he tells us in his MS. memoranda, to live "at the rate of little more than fourpence a day, including everything." In the spring of 1760, when only nineteen years of age, he was elected, after a very strict comparative trial, to the situation of head-master in George Watson's hospital; and he continued to officiate in this capacity three years and a half, during which period he entered himself a student of divinity. In November, 1763, that he might have more leisure for prosecuting his studies, he resigned his situation in Watson's hospital, and engaged himself as domestic tutor to Mr. Kincaid, who was then his majesty's printer for Scotland, and afterwards Lord Provost of the city. On June 8, 1768, he was elected rector of the High School of Edinburgh. He now enthusiastically devoted himself to his profession, and employed his leisure hours in the composition of works, all of them demanding great labour, for facilitating and promoting a relish for the study of classic literature. His first performance was a Latin and English grammar, which he undertook by the advice of Principal Robertson and Dr. Blair. It was published in May, 1772. Owing to the opposition of the undermasters of the High School, this excellent work was not allowed to be introduced into that institution, but was, notwithstanding, extensively adopted as a text-book, not only in Britain, but also in the United States of America. On August 9, 1780, Adam received the degree of LL.D. from the university of Edinburgh. His
