were purchased for the Imperial museum at Vienna. His name is commemorated in the genus Bauera, as well as in Cape Bauer, a rocky headland to the south-east of Franklin's island.—J. H. B.
BAUER, Francis, fellow of the Royal Society, was a botanical painter at Kew. He was an eminent artist. He published in 1796, "Delineations of Exotic Plants cultivated at Kew;" "Coloured Figures of Strelitzia" in 1818; and "Illustrations of Orchideous Plants," 1830-38; besides papers in the Philosophical Transactions.—J. H. B.
BAUER, Georg Lorenz, a German theologian, was born at Hilpoltstein in Bavaria, 14th April, 1755, and died at Heidelberg, 12th January, 1806. He studied at Altdorf, and in 1789 was appointed to the professorship of ethics and oriental languages at Altdorf, from which he was translated in 1805 to a chair at Heidelberg. His works are distinguished by great learning and critical acumen. We mention, "Hermeneutica Sacra Vet. Test.," 1797; "Hebràische Mythologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments," 2 vols.; "Dicta Classica Vet. Test.;" "Biblische Theologie des Neuen Testament," 4 vols.—K. E.
* BAUERLE, Andreas Adolf, a German comic dramatist, born at Vienna, 9th April, 1784. He was for a long time poet and secretary to the Leopoldstadt theatre at Vienna, for which he wrote a long series of popular and successful farces, in the provincial dialect of his native town. They have been collected under the title "Komisches Theater." Since 1808 he was editor of the Wiener Theater-Zeitung.—K. E.
* BAUERNFELD, Eduard, a German comic dramatist, was born at Vienna in 1804. He devoted himself to the legal profession, and afterwards held several subordinate situations under government. His comedies are distinguished by great sprightliness of dialogue, effective scenes, and unpretending wit, but are deficient in refinement, delineation of characters, and skilful management of the plot.—K. E.
BAUFFREMONT or BEAUFFREMONT, a very ancient French family, several members of which became celebrated in history. The following were the most noteworthy:—
Pierre de, lived in the first half of the fifteenth century. He contributed to the influence and distinction of his house, by allying himself in marriage, in 1448, with Maria, daughter of Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy.
Guillaume, brother of the preceding, was the ancestor of that branch of the family which, during the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, was mixed up with the principal events, political, religious, and military in the history of France.
Nicolas de, grandson of the preceding, baron of Senescey, died in 1582. Under Charles IX., he was appointed grand prévôt of France. He distinguished himself by his zeal as an adherent of the league; fought in the battles of Jarnac and Moncontour, and at the head of a band of assassins took an active part in the massacre of St. Bartholomew. He died at the age of sixty-two at his castle of Senescey.
Claude de, son of the preceding, baron of Senescey and governor of Auxonne; died in 1596. He was, like his father, an ardent leaguer and a partisan of Lorraine.
Henri de, son of the preceding, killed at the siege of Montpellier in 1622. In 1614 he was chosen president of the chamber of noblesse in the estates of Paris, and was created chevalier of the order of his majesty.
Henri de, son of the preceding, inheriting the same titles, and holding the same office of governor of Auxonne, was killed by a German soldier at the battle of Sedan, 6th July, 1641, and his brother Louis having on the same day been made prisoner, that branch of the family became extinct.
Claude-Charles-Roger de, belonging to the other branch of the family, died in 1593. He entered ecclesiastical orders, and became in 1562 bishop of Troyes.
Antoine de, brother of the preceding, died in the second half of the sixteenth century. He was attached as one of the gentlemen of the chamber to the household of Henry III., and was chevalier of honour of the parliament of Burgundy, of which, in 1561, he was a member.
Charles Louis, brother of the preceding, marquis of Messimieux. He was a grandee of Spain, and chevalier of the golden fleece.
Pierre, son of the preceding, died in 1685. He had the title of marquis of Listenais, and was one of the household of the king of Spain. After the conquest of Franche-Comté he returned to France.
Louis Bénigne, marquis de Bauffremont, lived in the first half of the eighteenth century. He was wounded at the battle of Malplaquet in 1709. At first sub-lieutenant of the gendarmes of Burgundy, he rose to the rank of brigadier, and was named chevalier of the golden fleece.
Alexander Emmanuel Louis, prince of Bauffremont, born at Paris, 27th April, 1773; died, 22nd December, 1833. At the commencement of the Revolution, he took part with the princes of Germany in the invasion of Champagne; and in 1793 and 1794 assisted in the campaigns against the French republic. He was offered a peerage by Louis XVIII., but refused it on account of his age and infirmities.
Alfonse, duke of Bauffremont, eldest son of the preceding, created a count by Napoleon. He was aid-de-camp to Murat, and distinguished himself at the battle of Moskva in the campaign of Saxony in 1813, and at Dresden.—G. M.
BAUGH, Robert, engraver of the maps of North Wales, published by John Evans, and of his own great map of Shropshire. He died near Llanymynich, Shropshire, December 27, 1832, aged eighty-four.—T. F.
BAUGIN, Lubin, surnamed the French Guido, a painter, flourishing in Paris about the middle of the seventeenth century. He was employed in preparing subjects for the Gobelins, besides other paintings, which were afterwards engraved. Although an artist of considerable talent, there is nothing in his works to justify the surname given to him.—R. M.
BAUHIN, Gaspard, a celebrated anatomist and botanist, brother of John Bauhin, was born at Basle on 17th January, 1560, and died in his native city on 5th December, 1624. He commenced his medical and scientific studies at the university of Basle, and in 1577 he repaired to Padua. He travelled in Italy for some time making collections of plants. He then studied at Montpellier, and finally at Paris. In 1581 he took his degree of doctor of medicine, and gave lectures on botany and anatomy. In 1582 he was appointed professor of Greek; in 1588 professor of anatomy and botany in the university of Basle. Subsequently he occupied the chair of practice of physic, and was made rector of the university and dean of the faculty. He was an acute botanist, and did good service to the science by the accuracy of his nomenclature, and the elucidation of synonyms. He became an authority in science, and, along with his brother, did much to advance it. Plumier named a genus of Leguminosæ Bauhinia after him. He wrote many botanical and medical works. Among the former, the most valuable is his "Pinax Theatri Botanici," or an index to the works of Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Pliny, and the earlier botanists, with the names, synonyms, and differential characters of nearly 6000 plants. He planned another large work, called "Theatrum Botanicum," or a complete history of all known plants, to be completed in twelve folio parts. He lived to complete three of these, but only one was published. He published also a catalogue of the plants growing near Basle; and an enumeration of the plants described from the herbaria at that time in existence. The latter work was left incomplete, but it contains a short description of 2700 species, beginning with grasses and ending with leguminous plants. He edited the works of Mathiolus. Besides these, he was the author of several anatomical and medical works.—J. H. B.
BAUHIN, John, a physician and distinguished botanist, was born at Basle in 1541. He was the son of an eminent physician, who quitted France on account of espousing the protestant religion, and settled in Basle. Under his father's tuition he received the elements of his medical education. During the year 1560 he prosecuted his studies at the university of Tübingen, and acquired a knowledge of botany under the celebrated Fuchs. Having repaired to Zurich, he made the acquaintance of Conrad Gesner, and travelled with him in Switzerland. He made collections of plants in various parts of France and Italy. In France he suffered persecution on account of being a protestant. He spent some time at Geneva, and then returned to Basle where he was elected professor of rhetoric in 1566. He also practised as a physician, and acquired great eminence. In 1570 he was invited to be physician to the duke of Wirtemberg at Montbelliard. In this situation he continued till his death in 1613. In the garden at Montbelliard he was enabled to prosecute his favourite science of botany, in which he attained great celebrity. He attended also to other branches of natural history. He published several medical and botanical works. His
