great work on the history of plants was not completed at the time of his death, and it did not appear till 1650 and 1651, in 3 vols. folio. The expense of its publication, which amounted to about £3600, was defrayed by François Louis de Grafenried, a wealthy Bernese citizen. The work contains a description of about 5000 plants, with 3577 figures. Haller pronounces the work, notwithstanding its defects, to be without an equal. It is still a work of consultation; and the author is reckoned one of the early founders of botany. An abridgment of the work was published at Yverdun.—J. H. B.
BAUHIN, John Gaspard, a son of Gaspard Bauhin, was born at Basle on 12th March, 1606, and died 14th July, 1685. He occupied for thirty years the chair of botany in the university of Basle; and in 1659 was chosen physician-in-ordinary to Louis XIV. His published works were medical, viz., "On the Causes and Distribution of Diseases;" "On Plague and Epilepsy."—J. H. B.
BAUHUIS (in Latin, Bauhusius), Bernard, a jesuit of Anvers, professor at the college of Bruges, was born in 1575, and died in 1629. He was the author of five books of epigrams, among which is one capable, according to Prestet, of being turned three thousand three hundred and sixty-six different ways, without losing its rhythmical quality. It runs thus—"Tot tibi sunt dotes, virgo, quot sidera cœlo."—J. S., G.
BAULACRE, Leonard, protestant librarian at Genoa, author of some historical and theological dissertations, was born in 1670, and died in 1761. The most interesting of his publications are those which relate to the history of his birthplace.
BAULDRI, Paul, a historian, born at Rouen in 1639; died in 1706. He became professor of sacred history at Utrecht. He published an edition of "Lactantius de Mortibus Persecutorum," chronological tables, and other works.
BAUMAN, Nicolas, professor of history at Rostock, born at Wismar or Emden about 1450; died in 1526. The satiric poem, "Reinecke the Fox," has been attributed to him, but the real author appears to have been Henri d'Alkmaer.
BAUMBACH, John Balthazar, a German orientalist, died in 1622. He was professor of Greek and Hebrew at Heidelberg, and author of philological works on the Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac languages.
BAUMANN, John Nicolas, a physician, who flourished at the beginning of the seventeenth century. He wrote a work on the properties of tobacco, its use and abuse. It was published at Basle in 1629.
BAUMÉ, Antoine, a celebrated French chemist and pharmacist, son of an innkeeper at Senlis, was born in 1728, and died in 1804. The first difficulties of his career—those arising out of his defective education—overcome, he was admitted into the faculty of apothecaries in 1752, and shortly after elected to the chair of chemistry in the college of pharmacy. This appointment brought him into notice, and enabled him to find a market for the ingenious products of his laboratory. That, for a long period, was rather a busy manufactory and head office of "chemistry applied to the arts," than a chamber dedicated to studious experiment. In 1780 Baumé found himself rich enough to think of consecrating the remainder of his life to science; but the Revolution swept away his fortune, and he had again to organize his manufactory. He died in 1804. The most considerable of his works is entitled "Chimie Experimentale et Raisonnée," 1773.—J. S., G.
BAUME, Nicolas-Auguste de la, marquis of Montrevel, marshal of France, born in 1636; died, 11th October, 1716. He embraced the profession of arms, distinguished himself by his conduct and valour in various battles and sieges, and rose through all the grades, until at last in 1703 he obtained the marshal's baton. Though so brave on the field of battle, it is said that Baume died of fear. Dining at the house of the duke of Biron, he happened to overturn the salt, and such an accident being deemed an unlucky omen, he was seized with superstitious terror, which brought on a fever, of which he died four days afterwards.—G. M.
BAUME SAINT-AMOUR, Philippe de la, marquis of Yennes, died at Paris about 1670. He was governor of Franche-Comté for the king of Spain, and was accused of having facilitated the conquest of that province by Louis XIV. in 1688. He defended himself in a tract of seventy-five pages, small quarto, which he published the same year.—G. M.
BAUME-MONTREVEL, Claude de la, cardinal-archbishop of Besançon; born in 1531; died in 1584. He made himself remarked among contemporary prelates by the zeal with which he persecuted the Calvinists of his diocese.
BAUMEISTER, Frederick Christian, rector of Görlitz, born 1708; died 1785; belonged to the philosophical school of Leibnitz and Wolf; but treated the doctrine of pre-established harmony as a mere hypothesis, and discussed very impartially the argument for and against it. His elementary works display much skill in exposition; but he fell into the error of his school, the attempt to reduce everything to demonstration.—J. D. E.
BAUMER, Johann Wilhelm, professor of medicine at Erfurt and Giessen, was born in 1719 at Rehweilen in Franconia, and died in the vicinity of Giessen in 1788. He studied at Halle and Jena, and in 1742 became pastor of Krautheim; but after a few years quitted theology for medicine. His principal works are on chemistry and mineralogy.—W. S. D.
BAUMES, Jean Baptiste Timothée, a French physician, born at Lunel, May 22, 1777; died at Montpellier, July 19, 1828. After having practised medicine at Nismes, with great success, he was appointed professor at the school of medicine at Montpellier, and obtained in this city, for twenty-two years of his life, great reputation. Lively and witty, but with an irascible disposition, he made enemies of all his colleagues, and he even fell out with Chaptal, who, after having been, like him, professor in the faculty of Montpellier, was, during the time he was minister, the protector of this celebrated school. Baumes endeavoured to found a pathological theory on chemistry, which met with great success. He wrote numerous articles in the Journal of the Society of Practical Medicine at Montpellier.—E. L.
BAUMGARTEN, Alex. Gottlieb, born at Berlin, 1714; studied at Halle, afterwards lectured at the orphan institution there, and was in 1740, appointed professor of philosophy at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, where he died in 1762. Was a disciple of Leibnitz and Wolf, and a strenuous supporter of monadology and pre-established harmony. His principal contribution to philosophy was in reference to the philosophy of taste, or the science of the beautiful, a subject to which his attention had been called by his study of belles-lettres. He was the first to treat of it as a distinct science, and he invented the term æsthetics to denote it. His peculiar views are betrayed in his choice of this word, (derived from αἰσθάνομαι, to perceive.) He regarded beauty as a quality addressed to the senses, and forming the object of an obscure and confused perception. Hence it is only the lower faculties of the mind that recognize the beautiful, and Baumgarten accordingly defined genius as consisting in a very high development of the lower faculties.—J. D. E.
BAUMGARTEN, James Sigismund, a distinguished scholar and theologian of the university of Halle, in the earlier half of the eighteenth century, and the connecting link between the school of the pietists and the rationalists, was the son of James Baumgarten, pastor of Wollmirstadt, near Magdeburg, where he was born in 1706. After studying at the pædagogium of Halle, he entered the university in 1724. He was first a teacher and then inspector of the orphan-house of that city; in 1728 he became colleague to Francke in the pastoral charge of one of the churches; in 1730 he was made adjunct professor of theology; and in 1734 professor ordinarius. From that time he lived wholly for the university and the promotion of science. He belonged to the celebrated school of Spener and Francke, and his professional labours proved an important accession to its strength and reputation. It had begun to degenerate and decline—learning was depreciated, study neglected, and philosophy discouraged as dangerous to the interests of piety. The school required to be invigorated by a man like Baumgarten, who combined with his sincere piety and devotion a philosophic spirit, distinctness of ideas, precision of language, strict order and method of discourse, and rich stores of knowledge. He was a student of the Wolfian philosophy, and profited much by its advantages as an intellectual discipline. He was for thirty years the principal ornament of the university of Halle. His students sometimes numbered as many as 400. He was particularly eminent in the departments of dogmatic and moral theology and church history. He was much admired by his students—among many of whom he awakened a taste for thorough learning and original independent research. Adelung, John David Michaelis, Nœsselt, and Semler, were the most famous of his scholars. He engaged in many literary undertakings which had no connection with theology. He translated the celebrated Eng-
