English flag. Between 1779 and 1820 he signalized himself in a great variety of engagements, in several of which he was wounded. He was nominated by Murat commander of the order of the Two Sicilies.—G. M.
* BAUTAIN, Louis, a French theologian and philosopher, vicar-general in the diocese of Paris, was born in 1796. He taught philosophy at Strasburg from 1816 till the revolution of 1830, when he resigned his chair. In 1838 he became deacon of the Faculty of Letters at Strasburg, and in 1849 principal of the college of Juilly. He holds the diplomas of doctor in medicine, letters, and theology. His works, which turn principally on the relations of theology and philosophy, brought him into controversy with the bishop of Strasburg, who accused him, unjustly it would appear, of a leaning to pantheism.—J. S., G.
BAUTER, Charles, a dramatic poet, born at Paris about 1580; died in 1630. Author of an exceedingly rare poem on the marriage of Henry IV. and Mary de Medicis.
BAUTISTA, Juan, a Spanish sculptor, who in 1569 executed several statues for the grand entrance of the Toledo cathedral, especially those of "Faith" and "Charity," which, on account of their pre-eminent merit, were attributed by some biographers to Alonso Beraguete.—R. M.
BAUX, the name of an ancient French family, who traced their origin as far back as 1040. Among the members of this family distinguished in history, are the following:—
Bertrand I., became prince of Orange by his marriage with Tiburge II., heiress of that principality. He died in 1181.
Guillaume II., son of the preceding, obtained in 1214 from the emperor, Frederick II., the title of king of Arles and of Vienne.
Guillaume III., who died in 1239. He left four sons—Guillaume IV., who died without issue; Bertrand I., who took up his residence in Italy, where he became the ancestor of three ducal houses; Hugues, who became grand seneschal of Sicily; and Raymond II., who succeeded his brother Guillaume, and died about 1282.
Bertrand II., son of the preceding, who lived in 1314. He was succeeded by Raymond III., who was followed by Raymond IV. The barony of Baux was afterwards seized by Louis III., count of Provence.—G. M.
BAUX, Pierre, a French physician, born at Nismes, August 12, 1679, and died at St. Dionisy, near Nismes, September 3, 1732. He studied successively at Montpellier, at Orange, and at Paris. He afterwards lived at Nismes, where he soon obtained a great reputation during the plague which infested Provence. He wrote a "Traité de la peste," Toulouse, 1722.—E. L.
BAVA, Gaetano Emanuele, count of San Paolo, was born at Fossano, April, 1737. He was brought up in the court of Charles Emanuel III. of Sardinia, and afterwards spent some years in the army. He finally devoted himself to literature, of which he was a liberal patron. He wrote a "History of Sciences, Arts, and Customs," and several other minor works. He died 15th August, 1829, having bequeathed his library of 5000 volumes to the academy of Fossano, which he had founded.—J. F. W.
BAVARIA, Dukes, Electors, Kings of. The early history of Bavaria and its rulers, extending back to the end of the fifth century, is involved in much obscurity. The Boioares, a confederation of paltry dukedoms, having fallen into dependence on the kings of Austrasia, became consolidated under the authority of Duke Garibald, of the race of the Agilofinges, a collateral branch of the Merovingians.—The reign of Thassilo I. (699) became remarkable for the war which broke out between the Slavonian tribes and their allies, the Avares. Odilo, son-in-law of Charles Martel, assumed the title of king; but being desirous of withdrawing himself from the sovereignty of the Franks, to whom he was tributary, he was attacked and vanquished by his brothers-in-law, Carloman and Pepin.—Thassilo II. was summoned by Pepin le Bref (748) to take the oath of vassalage to him at the diet of Compiegne, but he refused, and formed an alliance against his suzerain, with his father-in-law, Didier, king of Lombardy, and with the duke of Aquitaine. In 777, having associated his son Theodore with him in the government, he formed a new alliance with the Avares against Charlemagne, who was about to seize upon Lombardy. He was nevertheless defeated, and in 788 was condemned to death for felony by the diet of Ingelheim. This sentence was commuted by Charlemagne, who, instead, consigned him and his whole family to different convents, where their race became extinct. At the diet held at Ratisbon in 788, the ducal dignity of Bavaria was suppressed, but the country still preserved the rank and title of duchy, and the government was intrusted to Gerold, count of Swabia, and brother-in-law of Charlemagne. Duke Gerold partially introduced the feudal system of the Franks into the Bavarian territory, which about this period, however, became divided. Mention is made in history of a Count Guntram, margrave of eastern Bavaria (Ostmark), afterwards called Austria. In 799 the Raab, at its confluence with the Danube, became the limit of Bavaria, which comprehended the Tyrol, the country of Salzburg, the greater part of Austria, the upper Palatinate, Neuburg, Eichstadt, Anspach, Beiruth, Bamberg, Nuremberg, and the districts of Weissenburg, Nordlingen, and Dunkelsbuhl. At the division which Charlemagne made of his dominions, Bavaria and Italy fell to the share of Pepin. They were afterwards erected into a kingdom by Louis le Debonnaire, who gave them to Lothaire, his eldest son, and he in 817 ceded them to Louis le Germanique. At the death of Louis in 876, his son Carloman became sovereign of Bavaria, which now comprehended Carinthia, Carniola, Istria, Friuli, Pannonia, Moravia, and Bohemia. He was succeeded in 880 by his brother, Louis III., who was elected by the free suffrages of the people. During his reign Carinthia was separated from his other dominions; and after his death, which took place in 882, Bavaria was governed in succession by Charles les Gros, Arnulf, and Louis IV. In the reign of Charles, Bavaria was again incorporated with the empire of the Franks; and during that of Louis, it was repeatedly invaded by the Hungarians. At his death in 911, the Carlovingian dynasty became extinct, and the supreme authority passed into the hands of a Bavarian, under the title of Arnulf II., duke of Bavaria and the surrounding countries.
The territory afterwards fell into the hands of Otho of Wittlesbach, count palatine of Bavaria. Otho, who died in 1183, became the founder of the reigning house of Bavaria. He was succeeded by Louis I., who consolidated the duchy, and added to it the palatinate of the Rhine. Under Otho, surnamed the Illustrious, palatine of the Rhine, the bishops rendered themselves independent. His two sons, Louis and Henry, had at first shared the government equally between them, but their dominions being afterwards split into two parts, upper Bavaria fell to Louis, and lower Bavaria to Henry, whose line, two years after, became extinct. In 1314 the second son of Louis was crowned emperor, under the name of Louis IV. or Louis the Bavarian, who, in 1329, ceded to his brother's son the upper and lower Palatinate, reserving to himself only the higher Bavaria. He stipulated, however, at the same time, that the rights of the electorate should be exercised alternately by the princes of the two lines. In accordance with the votes of the estates, Louis IV. reunited the higher and lower Bavaria, the reigning house of the latter having become extinct. Bavaria owed to Louis IV. many important ameliorations and useful institutions. He had six sons, to whom he bequeathed his dominions, which, at the time of his death, comprehended not only Bavaria, but Brandenburg, the provinces of Holland and of Zealand, the Tyrol, &c. In 1506 the estates of higher and lower Bavaria met in provincial assembly, when the Duke Albert II., of the line of Munich, struck with the inconveniencies of these frequent partitions of territory among the princes of the two houses, obtained the consent of his brother Wolfgang and that of the estates, to the institution of a pragmatic sanction, which established the right of the eldest, and fixed the appanages of the younger princes. At the death of Albert, however, this law was not respected; but, after much strife, it was agreed that William and Louis should hold joint sovereignty, and this arrangement continued from 1515 until the death of Louis in 1534. William died in 1550, and was succeeded by his son, Albert V., who died in 1576, leaving as his successor the eldest of his three sons, William V., surnamed the Old, who in 1596 resigned in favour of his son, Maximilian I., and retired into a convent. During the Thirty years' war, Maximilian was raised by Ferdinand II. to the dignity of elector and seneschal of the empire, and this dignity was confirmed in his family at the peace of Westphalia. Maximillian died in 1651, after a reign of fifty-five years. In the war of the Spanish succession, his grandson, Maximillian Emanuel, declared in favour of France; and after the disastrous battle of Hochstedt in 1704, his dominions were treated by the emperor as a conquered country, and he did not regain possession of his rights until the peace of Baden in
