variously estimated, according as some of the volumes are reckoned one or more. They amount to 168, of which four were folios, and seventy-three quartos. His practical works were first collected in four volumes folio, and published in 1707. They were afterwards reprinted in twenty-two volumes 8vo, London, 1830. His controversial and other works have never been collected, and many of them are scarce. A complete list of them is given by Orme at the end of his Life of Baxter. The first book he published was "Aphorisms of Justification, with their Explications: wherein is also opened the Nature of the Covenants," &c., 1649, 12mo. The last published during his life was "The Certainty of the World of Spirits, fully evinced by unquestionable Histories of Apparitions," &c., 1691, 12mo. He was thus an author for a period of forty-two years. The principal treatises written by Baxter were—"Methodus Theologiæ Christianæ," 1681, folio; "A Christian Directory, or a Sum of Practical Theology and Cases of Conscience," &c., 1673, folio; "Catholic Theology," 1675, folio; "Treatise of Episcopacy," 1681, 4to; "A Treatise of Universal Redemption," 1694, 8vo; "Reasons for the Christian Religion," 1667, 4to; "Universal Concord," 1658, 12mo; "Gildas Salvianus, or the Reformed Pastor," 1656, 8vo. The most popular of his practical and devotional works were his "Saints' Rest," 1649, 4to; and his "Call to the Unconverted," 1657, 8vo, and "Now or Never," 1663. The "Reformed Liturgy" appeared in 1661, 4to; "The Poor Man's Family Book" in 1674, 8vo; "Paraphrase on the New Testament" in 1685, 4to; "Dying Thoughts on Philippians i. 23," 1683, 4to. (See Orme's Life and Times of Baxter, prefixed as vol. i. to the octavo edition of his practical works.)—S. D.
BAXTER, Thomas, an English painter on porcelain; born in 1782; died in 1821. His works deserved and obtained the greatest estimation, especially those after West and Reynolds. A portrait of Mrs. Siddons as the tragic muse, is considered his masterpiece.—R. M.
BAXTER, William, nephew of Richard Baxter, an eminent antiquary and philologist, born at Llangollen in Denbighshire in 1650. He was educated at Harrow school, which he entered in his eighteenth year, utterly ignorant of any language but his native Welsh. In the space of two years, as we learn from one of his letters, he could read Latin with facility, and had made some progress in antiquarian studies. Greek, the old British and Irish, several Scandinavian and oriental dialects, occupied him successively, and in all his proficiency was ultimately considerable. He followed the profession of a teacher first in a boarding-school in Middlesex, and afterwards in Mercers' school, London, the head mastership of which he held for upwards of twenty years. His first publication, a "Latin Grammar," was followed by editions of Horace and Anacreon. Of the Horace, Bentley spoke contemptuously, but Gesner preferred it to Bentley's own edition. A few years before his death, which occurred in 1723, he published "Gloss. Antiq. Britannicarum."—J. S., G.
BAYAM, José Pereira, born of a peasant family at Gondelin in the district of Coïmbra in Portugal, on May the 13th, 1690. He wrote a history of Portugal, and gave an account of the life and deeds of the king, Don Sebastian, describing his travels into Africa, his warlike exploits, his losses, and his misfortunes. We have many popular legends collected by him, and a treatise on purgatory, entitled "Retrato de Purgatorio, e sus penas." Portugal owes to this literary man the discovery of Fernando Lopez's Life of Don Pedro, which was published by the Lisbon Academy of Science, under the title of "Chronica del Rey Don Pedro," in 1735 and 1760. He was ordained a priest at the age of 32, and died on the 8th of March, 1743.—A. C. M.
BAYARD, Jean-Baptiste-François, a lawyer, born at Paris, 1750; died 1800. He discharged high official duties under the directory, with an ability worthy of the highest praise. He, in connection with Camus, recast Denisart's Law Dictionary; he also wrote "Memoirs of the Revolution of 1789."
BAYARD, John Francis Alfred, a dramatic writer, born at Charolles, 17th March, 1796. Educated for the bar, his taste for literature proved too strong for the intentions of his parents. The encouragement which he received to pursue dramatic writing, was, however, of no ordinary character, for it came from no less a personage than M. Scribe. After Bayard produced his first vaudeville in 1821, "Promenade a Vancluse," M. Scribe, whose niece he had married, engaged him to become his collaborateur, and for many years the name of Bayard was associated with the ceaseless productions of M. Scribe's pen. Bayard, who died lately, has left some pieces of great popularity written by himself alone.—J. F. C.
BAYARD, Pierre du Terrail, seigneur de, celebrated as the "chevalier sans peur et sans reproche," was born towards the end of the year 1475, at the chateau de Bayard, six leagues from Grenoble, and died April 30, 1524. By some original signatures preserved in the imperial library of Paris, it appears that the good knight wrote his name Bayart. He was the son of Aymoud du Terrail and Helene des Allemans-Laval, and received his first education from his uncle the bishop of Grenoble. "My child," said the worthy bishop, "be noble like your ancestors—like your great-great-grandfather, who was killed at the feet of King John at the battle of Poitiers—like your great-grandfather and your grandfather, who were also slain, the one at Zincourt, the other at Mont-Ihery—and like your father also, who was covered with honourable wounds in the defence of the kingdom." At the age of thirteen he made choice of the profession of arms, and was presented to the duke of Savoy. The duke was charmed with the appearance of the youth, and with his dexterity in the management of his horse. He therefore made him a page; and in that capacity young Bayard attracted the attention of the king of France, Charles VIII., whose service he soon afterwards entered. Amid jousts and tournaments the page was initiated into the use of arms. At the age of eighteen he accompanied Charles in his expedition to Naples, and at the battle of Fornova was first introduced to the realities of war. He made a brilliant commencement, astonishing all with his gallantly, having several horses killed under him, and carrying off several of the enemy's standards. He was afterwards engaged with the French forces in Apulia, and distinguished himself by his knightly bearing. In 1505 he saved the French army, by defending a bridge over the Garigliano. "He fought like a tiger," says Theodore de Godefroy, "with his back to the barricade of the bridge; and so laid about him with his sword, that the enemy knew not what to make of him, and thought it was the devil." This feat of arms, which he performed singly, won him the porcupine for a crest, and the device "Vires agminis unus habet." Henceforth Bayard's life is a series of the most romantic incidents of war. He served everywhere, and always with the same distinction. When Henry VIII. invaded France in 1513, Bayard was taken prisoner; or, rather, seeing that he must necessarily be taken, he of two evils chose the least, and fell upon the following plan of giving himself up. Seeing an English man-at-arms reposing himself, while the rest were engaged in capturing prisoners. Bayard rode towards him, and summoned him suddenly to surrender, which the man-at-arms did on the spur of the moment, having laid aside his weapons. "Your name?" said the Englishman. "I am the Captain Bayard," said the chevalier, "and there is my sword; I am your prisoner." Some days after, wishing to depart, he made known his desire. "But your ransom?" said the English man-at-arms. "My ransom," replied Bayard, "your ransom! I took you prisoner, and took your parole, before you took me." This question of military etiquette was referred to the king of England and the emperor, who decided that both prisoners were equally free from obligation. Bayard soon became the hero knight of his time; and at the siege of Milan, Francis I. sought knighthood at his hands. After much solicitation he consented, and, drawing his sword, said, "I must obey, sire; may it be as if it were Roland or Oliver, Godfrey or Baldwin, his brother." He performed the ceremony; the Swiss were defeated; the king acquired the territory of Milan, and peace was concluded. After a life of unblemished reputation, exhibiting the virtues of man and soldier. Bayard was killed in an engagement with the Spaniards, crossing the river Sesia, between Romagnano and Gattinara. He was struck by a ball from an arquebuse, and cried aloud, "Jesus, my God, I die." He caused himself to be placed at the foot of a tree, with his face to the enemy. He then kissed the cross-hilt of his sword, and recited some verses of the Miserere. He survived for two hours, and died at ten in the morning, at the age of 48. In death he was the true and loyal warrior. A few minutes before he departed, a portion of the enemy approached, and among them the constable, Charles, duke of Bourbon, who had taken service with the imperialists. "Ah, Captain Bayard, greatly do I sorrow to see you in this state. I have always loved and honoured you, and greatly pity you." "My lord, I thank you," replied the chevalier; "but pity is not for me, who die a true man, serving my king; pity
