other works, also written in Latin, which are, however, less known and less valuable.
The author bestowed extraordinary pains, and incurred considerable expense, in the collection of materials for these numerous biographies. He gathered together from all quarters an immense store, amounting to upwards of sixty large volumes, of funeral sermons, programmes, éloges, &c., in manuscript and in print. Though of a weak frame and sickly habit, he restricted himself to five or six hours' sleep, and not unfrequently wrought at his desk all night long. His biographies are very unequal in length and fullness. Some, as those of Luther, Melancthon, and Calvin are pretty copious, including extracts from their writings, letters, and official documents. Others contain only the barest outlines, and these not always given with the necessary accuracy. Still the collection is esteemed, even at the present day, as in the highest degree valuable, especially for the history of the German, French, and English Reformation.—P. L.
ADAM of Orleton, an English bishop, whose name is associated with the intrigues which disturbed England during the reign of the feeble Edward II. He is the author of the ambiguous reply given to those who were planning the cruel murder of the king, "Edwardum regem occidere nolite timere bonum est," which, according to the punctuation adopted, may be construed either into a sanction or a prohibition of the murder. He was born in 1285, and held successively the bishoprics of his native Hereford, of Worcester, and of Winchester.—J. B.
ADAM of Petit Pont, an Englishman belonging to the beginning of the twelfth century. He studied in Paris under Matthew of Angers and Peter Lombard,—afterwards opening a school of his own at the Petit Pont. John of Salisbury had a high opinion of him,—celebrating the extent of his knowledge, his sagacity and acuteness, and his attachment to Aristotle. M. Cousin has recently called attention to the only work that remains of all Adam's labours, viz., the "Ars disserendi." Its value is purely historical.—J. P. N.
ADAM, Robert, author of "The Religious World Displayed," born at Udney, Scotland, about 1770, was an episcopal clergyman, first at Edinburgh, afterwards in the Danish island St. Croix, and lastly, at Tobago. Died in 1826.
ADAM, Robert, an architect, who produced a great change in the architecture of Great Britain, born at Kirkaldy, Scotland, in 1728; died in 1792. Appointed in 1762 architect to the King, he resigned that office in 1768, on being elected to represent Kinross-shire in parliament. He published a work entitled "Ruins of the Palace of the Emperor Dioclesian at Spalatro in Dalmatia," seventy-one engravings, folio, 1764. With his brother James, he furnished numerous designs for noblemen's mansions and public buildings, both in England and Scotland, including the Register House and University, Edinburgh, and the Royal Infirmary, Glasgow. The "Adelphi" buildings, Strand, London, designed by them, were so called from the Greek word for brothers.—W. A.
ADAM, Scotus, a canon regular of the order of Premonstratenses, and in his latter years a monk of Melrose in Scotland, wrote the "Life of St. Columbanus," and of some other monks of the sixth century, and also of David I. of Scotland. His works were printed at Antwerp in 1659. Died about 1195.
ADAM, Thomas, an eminent minister of the church of England, was born at Leeds, February 25, 1701. He was educated first at Leeds, and then at Wakefield, after which he studied at Christ college, Cambridge whence, he removed to Hart-hall (now Hertford college), Oxford, under the care of Dr. Newton, head of that seminary, and its founder as a college. The only academical degree he took was that of bachelor of arts. In 1724 he was presented to the living of Wintringham in Lincolnshire; and he continued rector of this parish fifty-eight years, steadily refusing, to the close of his life, all additional preferment. He died March 31, 1784, in the eighty-fourth year of his age. His theological sentiments, formed chiefly from the study of Luther's works, much resembled those held by such theologians as Hervey and Romaine, or the Marrow-men of Scotland. His works are:—"Practical Lectures on the Church Catechism;" "A Paraphrase and Annotations on the first Eleven Chapters of St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans;" "Evangelical Sermons;" his "Posthumous Works," in 3 vols. 8vo; and his "Exposition of the Four Gospels."—J. A.
ADAM, William, nephew of the two great architects of the name, and the first lord chief commissioner of the jury court for the trial of civil causes in Scotland, born 21st July, 1751, passed advocate at the Scottish bar in 1773, but, in 1782, became a barrister-at-law in England. On the institution in 1816 of the jury court for civil causes in Scotland, he was constituted its head. Died 17th February, 1839.
ADA´MI, Adam, a German ecclesiastic, known both as a statesman and historian, born at Mülheim on the Rhine in 1610. He sat in the congress where the negotiations for peace were made which led to the close of the Thirty Years' war. He died in 1663 at Hildesheim, to the bishopric of which he had been raised.
ADAMI DA BOLSENA, Andrea, a musician, known for his "Osservazioni per ben regolare il coro del cantori della capella pontificia," published in 1711, which contains, besides the directions for regulating the music in the pontifical chapel, the biographies and portraits of twelve of the most famous members of that college of singers, and a prefatory history of the musical establishment of the pope, from its foundation down to the author's time; it is a work of great authority, and is cited by most subsequent writers on musical history. Adami must have been born at Bolsena, as his name implies, in 1664, though M. Fètis states him to have been born in Rome in the October of the preceding year. He received his chief instruction from his father, entered the service of Cardinal Ottoboni, and was transferred from this to that of the pope, being appointed maestro di capella by that dignitary, and officiating also as head of a musical academy. He died in 1742.—G. A. M.
ADA´MI, Leonardo, nephew of Andrea, and author of a history of Arcadia from the earliest times to the 28th Olympiad. He died in 1719.
ADAMI, Melchior. See Adam.
ADAMNAN (sometimes called ADOMNAN, and in Latin ADAMNANUS), an ecclesiastic celebrated for his great learning and christian graces, who flourished in the seventh century, was born in the county of Donegal in Ireland, about the year 624. He was the ninth abbot of Hy or Iona, in succession after the founder, St. Columba; having been elected in 679. In 686 he was sent on an embassy to Aldfrid, king of Northumberland, where he became a convert to the true views with regard to the time of celebrating Easter. Arculph, a French bishop, being shipwrecked on the coast of Britain in returning from the Holy Land, came at length to Adamnan, who joyfully entertained him, and having learned from him the result of his travels, wrote a book "De situ Terræ Sanctæ," or "De locis Sanctis," as it is sometimes entitled, which he presented to King Aldfrid. It is the earliest account of the Holy Land extant, and was published at Ingolstadt, in 1619. He is the author of various other works, amongst them a life of St. Columba, in three books. This last is pronounced by Pinkerton to be "the most complete piece of such biography that all Europe can boast of, not only at so early a period, but even through the whole middle ages." He died on the 23rd of September, 704.—(Ware, Colgan, Bede, O'Reilly, Reeves.)—J. F. W.
ADAMS, Abigail, the wife of John Adams, the second president of the United States. She is known as the writer of a collection of letters, which are valuable as giving a picture of the manners of that eventful age in which she lived.
ADAMS, Charles B., a distinguished American naturalist, born in 1814 at Dorchester, Massachusetts. He studied at Amherst college, where he took his degrees in 1834, and held a tutorship during 1836 and 1837. Ardently devoted from early youth to natural science, he soon attained a high reputation as a naturalist, and in 1839 became professor of geology and natural history in Marion college. Mobile. In 1845 he was appointed director of the geological survey of the state of Vermont, and continued to discharge with great efficiency the duties of that service, till, in 1847, he accepted the chair of natural history in Amherst college He published, in various scientific journals, numerous important papers, chiefly on his favourite subject of conchology: and his observations on Jamaica, where he resided some time, have shed copious light on the geology of that island. He died at St. Thomas in 1853.—E. M.
* ADAMS, Frank, colonel of the 28th regiment (brother of the gallant officer who died of a wound received at Inkerman), served throughout the Eastern campaign, with a short interval of absence in England, and for a time commanded a brigade of the army. He is a commander of the Bath, and has received a medal and clasps for his services in the Crimea.—W. H. R.
* ADAMS, George, a commissary-general, and senior on the
