tons. He had even to travel into France, and from the anxiety and fatigue brought upon him, especially by his attempts to reconcile Lutherans and Reformed, he was again thrown into a severe illness. He recovered, however, but in consequence of the opposition made by the government of Berne to the Genevan form of church order, he resigned his situation at Lausanne, and joined Calvin at Geneva. From this period, 1558, he became the most active and influential associate of Calvin, and contributed greatly by his talents and learning to consolidate the reformation in Geneva. In addition to the regular duty of a pastor, he taught Greek in the gymnasium, and expounded the New Testament scriptures, of which his Translation and Commentary are the permanent fruit. This is undoubtedly his greatest work, and the one by which he is best known to posterity. It was first published as early as 1557, but in a comparatively raw and imperfect form, and only in 1598 did it assume the mature character in which it has descended to later times. Though wanting the profound insight and comprehensive grasp of Calvin, he yet displays a fine critical talent, and in scholarship occupies a higher place than his more distinguished coadjutor. His "History of the Protestant Church of France," though an incomplete work, is also one of great importance, and has furnished sources of information to which subsequent writers have been largely indebted. Beza's services in behalf of that church were not confined to literary labours; in the life-struggles which the French protestants had to maintain against popery, he was always ready to aid them with his counsel; once and again he gave them the benefit of his personal presence, and for a considerable period he was the real head of their movements. On the death of Calvin in 1564, the chief charge at Geneva devolved on him, and though he refused to be nominated perpetual president of the consistory, yet such was the weight of his talents and character, that he was annually elected to the office till 1580, when he was allowed to retire. The voice of misrepresentation followed him to the close of life, for he was reported, and has even been commonly understood, to have justified Henry IV.'s abjuration of the protestant faith as a matter of political necessity, while, in a letter written by him in 1593, recently discovered, he exhorts Henry to remain faithful. The jesuits also, about the year 1597, on Francis de Sales, bishop of Geneva, getting from Beza the confession that persons might be saved in the church of Rome, circulated the report that he had abandoned protestantism. Fortunately he was still able to refute the story. He died in 1605, having been twice married, but leaving no issue.—P. F.
BEZBORODKO, Prince Alexander, born in Little Russia in 1742. He commenced a brilliant diplomatic career as secretary to Marshal Rumianoff during the Turkish campaign. His extraordinary facility and lucidity of expression, and generally great ability in the management of diplomatic affairs, gained him the confidence of Catherine II., who named him minister of foreign affairs in 1780, and loaded him with favours. A secret enemy to Potemkin, who had caused war to be declared against Turkey, Bezborodko hastened to Tassy, and succeeded in bringing about the peace of 1783. The first partition of Poland may, in a great degree, be ascribed to his influence. Paul I. raised him to the rank of prince, and confided to him the mission of concluding the English alliance. He died in 1799, leaving the greater part of a valuable collection of pictures, of which he was a great amateur, to the public institutions of his country.—M. Q.
BEZOUT, Etienne, a French mathematician, born at Nemours in 1730; died in 1783. Bezout rendered excellent service to France by the publication, at the request of M. de Choiseul, of a great number of comparatively elementary works, mainly destined for the instruction of cadets in the departments of artillery and marine. We owe him besides, a valuable practical work, "Theorie generale des basationes algebraiques." He was a gentle, and modest—even a equhful man. Condorcet said that there were two Bezouts—the Bezout as known to his friends, and Bezout as he appeared to strangers.—J. P. N.
BHAGODAS, a pupil of Kabirs, author of the "Little Vidjak," the most popular of the books on the sect of the Kabirpanthis. It is written in harmonious verse (fifteenth century).
BHAGOURI, an Indian grammarian, author of a vocabulary prior to Shara Sinna.
BHAIRD, Eogham, an Irish poet who flourished in the end of the 16th and commencement of the 17th centuries. He was a commissioner for ascertaining the mears and bounds of Tirconnel in 1602. Nine of his poems are still extant.—J. F. W.
BHAIRD, Feargal, an Irish poet of the 17th century. Ten of his compositions, chiefly on political and religious subjects, remain.
BHAIRD, Maolmuire, an Irish poet who flourished towards the end of the sixteenth century, and wrote many fine poems, several of which are still existing.—J. F. W.
BHAIRD, Owen Rae, chief poet of Tirconnel in Ireland He wrote many poems, some of which are extant. Died 1510.
BHANOU-DATTA, an Indian poet, author of a poem called "Rasa Mandjari," on the art of making verses.
BHARATU-MULLA, an Indian grammarian of the 18th century, author of a vocabulary entitled "Dwiroúpa Cocha."
BHARATU-WOUNI, regarded among the Indians as the inventor of the drama. He wrote a work on the dramatic art, often cited in the commentators.
BHARAVI, an Indian poet, author of a great poem entitled "Kîrâtârdjounîya." Colebrook has given an analysis of this poem, published at Calcutta, and translated by Schulz.
BHARTIR-HAVI, son of Dhara Swâmi, author of a grammatical poem entitled "Bhatticârya," the subject of which is the history of Rama, edited at Calcutta in 1828. To be distinguished from another of the same name, to whom Colebrook attributes a grammar in verse, called Cauca.
BHATTA NARAYANA, a Hindu dramatist. Tradition asserts that he was a Brahman of Kanouj, and was invited into Bengal by Adi Sura, who seems to have flourished in the eighth or ninth century. But from internal evidence in the one play of Náráyana which has come down to us, viz., the "Veni Sanhára, or the Binding of the Widow's braid" (alluding to the absence of the heroine Draupadi's husband), we should place its author in the tenth or eleventh century.—C. T.
BHATTGDJI-DIKCHITA, an Indian grammarian, author of a work called "Siddhânta Cômondi." He lived in 1600.
BHAVABHU´TE, called also Shrikantha or Bhutigarbha, a celebrated Hindu dramatist in the eighth century. He was the son of a Brahman of high family in Berar, southern India. He removed to Ujjayiní (Oujein), where his plays were probably composed, and acted under the auspices of the reigning emperor. He is also stated to have been patronized by Yashovarma, king of Kanouj. In the Bhoja-prabandha he is mentioned among the poets at the court of Bhoja, emperor of Malwa; but little reliance can be placed on this account. Three of his plays are still extant. The "Loves of Málatí and Mádhava" is considered one of the best Sanscrit dramas, and is the only Hindu play in which the hero is an unmarried youth. The other two are heroic, viz., the "Mahávíra Charitra" and the "Uttara Ráma Charitra," and are founded on adventures of Ráma, the hero of Indian epic, Rámáyana.—C. T.
BHEILOL-LODI, a famous sultan of Delhi in the fifteenth century, and founder there of the Lodi dynasty. He belonged to an Affghan family which had settled in the Punjab, about Sirhind and Lahore, and which gained strength and territory by the futile efforts of the sultan of Delhi to expel them. When Delhi was attacked in 1440 by the sultan of Malwa, the aid of Bheilol was sought and obtained. He repulsed the Malwa army, but himself aspired to the crown, which he at length obtained in 1450. By subjugating the neighbouring sovereignties, and especially the kingdom of Joonpoor, he re-established the power of Delhi, which, under the previous dynasty, had been greatly weakened. He died in 1488, having won the reputation of a great warrior and a wise ruler.—J. B.
BHODJA-DEVA, king of Dhurn in India, lived about the close of the tenth or beginning of the eleventh century. Reputed author of a "Commentary on the Philosophy of Patandjale," a book of geography, and a treatise on rhetoric, called "Saraswatî Cantâbharana."
BIACCA, Francesco Maria. born at Parma in 1678. Having entered the church, he became the tutor of Count Sanvitali's children in 1702. His whole time was devoted to study, and particularly to history, chronology, and archæology. Having written a pamphlet in refutation of a work published by Cesare Calino, a jesuit, and having incurred the displeasure of his patron, who was an adept of the order, Biacca was dismissed from his functions, and went to Milan, where he was received by Count Antonio Simonetta, the Mæcenas of literary men in that city, where he remained four years. From thence he went to Parma, befriended by Count Ottavio Bondani, in whose house he died on the 15th of September, 1735. His works are very numerous, and the most part in Italian verse. His translations of Statius'
