AGILES, Raymond d', a canon of Puy, who wrote a history of the crusade of 1095, the materials for which he collected in the East, whither he went as chaplain with the count of Toulouse; it is entitled "Raymondi de Agiles, canonici Podiencis, Historia Francorum qui ceperant Hierusalem."
AGILULF or AGISUSPHAS, a duke of Turin and king of Lombardy. On the death of Antharis, king of the Lombards, in 590, his widow, with the consent of her subjects, bestowed both her hand and the kingdom on Agilulf, who was crowned in 591. Influenced by his wife, it is said, he left the Arian communion and joined the catholic. Having suppressed some rebellious dukes, extended his dominions, and established peace, he employed himself in rebuilding and founding monasteries and churches. He died in 616 or 619. The golden crown of Agilulf, which had long been preserved in Paris, was stolen and melted down in 1804.—J. F.
AGINCOURT, Jean-Baptiste-Louis-George Veroux d', an archæologist and numismatist; born at Beauvais, 5th April, 1730; died at Rome, 24th September, 1814. Well-born and highly educated, he travelled in England, Holland, Germany, and Italy, and became famous as an amateur. At Rome he laboured to complete his great work, which, however, was not finished till 1823, by M. Gence; it is named "L'histoire de l'art par les monuments, depuis sa decadence an quatrième siècle jusqu'a son renouvellement au seizième," 6 vols. folio, with 325 plates. It has been translated by Owen Jones, and published in London. Besides this there was published at Paris in 1814, his "Recucil de fragments de sculpture antique, en terre cuite," 1 vol. 4to, with 37 engravings and portrait.—J. F.
AGIS. There were four Spartan kings of this name. The first belonging to the oldest branch of the Heraclidæ, and the others to the second branch, or that of the Proclides.
Agis I. is said to have lived about 980 b.c. He belongs to the legendary epoch of Spartan history.
Agis II. succeeded his father, Archidamus II., in 427 b.c. He was distinguished for his warlike spirit and achievements. He gained a brilliant victory at Mantinea, and assisted in bringing to a close the Peloponnesian war, which had embroiled Greece for twenty-seven years.
Agis III., a contemporary of Philip and of Alexander the Great, having succeeded his father, Archidamus III., in 338 or 346 b.c., he made repeated but unsuccessful attempts to throw off the Macedonian yoke. He was defeated and slain in the battle of Megalopolis by Antipater. In the conflict 5300 Spartans were slain, and Agis, when unable from wounds and fatigue to stand upright, continued to fight on his knees until he was killed by being struck through the body with a dart.
Agis IV. ascended the throne on the death of his father, Eudamidas II., in 242 b.c. He is famous in history and poetry for his personal virtues and love to the old Spartan manners and discipline, his attempts to re-establish the laws of Lycurgus, and his early and cruel death. His colleague, Leonidas II., being opposed to his efforts to reform Spartan manners and revive ancient customs, was deposed, and Cleombrotus, who supported his views, was associated in the government. Before he could accomplish his projected reforms and changes, he was obliged to march on an expedition against the Athenians. During his absence a conspiracy was formed against him, and Leonidas was recalled. On his return, Agis and Cleombrotus were obliged to take refuge in the temple of Minerva; the latter was dragged forth and banished; and after a time, Agis, betrayed by his friends, was strangled in prison in the twenty-fourth year of his age. He met death with great fortitude.—J. F.
A´GIUS DE SOLDA´NIS, an Italian antiquary, who died in 1760. Among his works are—1. "Della lingua punica presentemente usata da' Maltesi," 8vo, Roma, 1750; 2. "Discours Apologetique centre la dissertation historique et critique (of the Abbe Ladvocat) sur le naufrage de St. Paul dans la mer Adriatique," 12mo, Avignon, 1757.
AGLAOPHON of Thasos, a Greek painter, flourishing about 416 b.c., was the father and teacher of the celebrated artists, Aristophon and Polygnotus. One of his works is quoted as his masterpiece, representing Alcibiades and the nymph Nemæa.
AGLIONBY, John, a theologian, born in Cumberland, 1567, and died at Islip, of which he was rector, in 1610. He was educated at Oxford; made chaplain to Queen Elizabeth; was chosen principal of Edmund Hall college in 1601, and took part in the translation of the New Testament.
AGNEAUX, Robert and Antoine, two brothers, natives of Normandy, who lived during the second half of the sixteenth century. They were the first translators into French verse of the works of Virgil and the odes of Horace. The Virgil was dedicated to Henry III., and printed at Paris in 1582. The Horace appeared in 8vo in 1588.
AGNE´LLUS, Andrew, an archbishop of Ravenna. His father having conspired against Pope Paul I., was taken to Rome, where he died in prison. The treatment of the father made the son indifferent to the interests of the court of Rome, and his writings are regarded as prejudicial to papal authority. His work is entitled "Agnelli, qui et Andreas, abbatis S. Mariæ ad Blachernas, liber pontificalis, sive Vitæ pontificum Ravennatum." Moreri has confounded the archbishop with another Agnellus or Agnel, who wrote a letter, "De ratione fidei, ad Armenium," and died in 556. Vossius, in his "Histoire des ecrivains Latins," has fallen into the same error.—J. F.
AGNEN, Jerome, a painter of the Dutch school, born at Bois-le-Duc in 1450 or 1470; died in 1530. He was one of the first to introduce, at the same time as Van Owater, oil-painting in Holland. He affected to treat infernal subjects, and excelled in strong effect. He spent much of his life in Spain, where he executed a large number of works.—R. M.
AGNES, Saint, a noble Roman virgin, put to death under Diocletian about a.d. 303. The legend tells that she suffered when only thirteen years of age.
AGNES of France, daughter of Louis VII. and sister of Philip Augustus. She was successively married, first, when nine years old, to Alexius Comnenus, the young emperor of Constantinople, a.d. 1180; then to Andronicus Comnenus, who caused Alexius to be killed, and seized the empire; and, last of all, after Andronicus had been put to death in 1185, to Theodorus Branas, a.d. 1205, to whom she had a daughter, the stepmother of William de Villehardouin.—J. F.
AGNES, queen of France, daughter of Berthold, duke of Dalmatia; married to Philip Augustus, a.d. 1196, after he had divorced Ingeburge, sister of Canute VI., king of Denmark. Philip being obliged by the church to separate from Agnes, she died of a broken heart in the Chateau de Poissy, a.d. 1201. Her children, a son and daughter, were declared legitimate by Pope Innocent III.—J. F.
AGNES, Sorrel or Soreau, the famous mistress of Charles VII. of France, was the daughter of a gentleman of the house of Clermont; born at Fromenteau in Touraine, a.d. 1409, and died 9th February, 1450. She was celebrated for her beauty, and for the influence she is said to have exercised over the king, and the stirring events of her time. Her three children were declared children of France.—J. F.
AGNE´SI, Maria Gaetana, an Italian lady, celebrated for her extraordinary abilities and vast learning, born at Milan, a.d. 1718, where she also died, in the convent of the rigorous order of Blue nuns to which she had retired, 4th August, 1799. When nine years old, she spoke Latin fluently; and became so skilled in the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, German, Spanish, and French languages, that she was called the "Walking Polyglot." Having made great progress in speculative philosophy, she published, in her twentieth year, under the title of "Propositiones Philosophicæ," a series of 191 theses, which she had previously defended. In her thirty-second year, her attainments in mathematics were so eminent, that she was appointed to her father's chair at Bologna, when he became unable to discharge his professorial duties. Her famous work, "Analytical Institutes" ("Instituzioni Analitiche"), 1745, was translated into English by Professor Colson of Cambridge.—J. F.
AGNE´SI, Maria Teresa, sister of the above, born at Milan, 1750, was eminent as a musician, and the composer of the music of several songs, and of three operas: "Sofonisba," "Ciro in Armenia," and "Nitocri."
AGNEW, Sir Andrew, Bart., of Lochnaw in Wigtonshire, who is chiefly known from his zealous efforts in promoting the better observance of the Sabbath, was born at Kinsale, Ireland, March 21, 1793. He was the only child of Lieutenant Andrew Agnew, eldest son of Sir Stair Agnew, the sixth baronet of Lochnaw. Upon the death of Sir Stair in 1809, Andrew, who was then only sixteen years of age, left Ireland for his patrimonial estate. In 1816 he was married to Madeline, daughter of Sir David Carnegie of South Esk, baronet. His estate having been allowed to fall into neglect before it came into his hands,
