Powers," already mentioned, Lord Brougham published, in 1839, in connection with Sir Charles Bell, an edition in 2 vols. of Paley's Natural Theology, with dissertations on subjects of Science connected with Natural Theology, a work which has gone through many editions.
In 1838, "a collected edition of his speeches," up to that date, was published in four volumes. In 1839-1843, appeared his "Historic Sketches of Statesmen who flourished in the time of George III." In 1845 he published his "Lives of Men of Art and Science who flourished in the time of George III." In 1849 he published a letter to the marquis of Lansdowne on "The late Revolution in France," which went through five or six editions. In 1855 he published, conjointly with E. J. Routh, an "Analytical view of Sir Isaac Newton's Principia," which is now used in Cambridge. (This work was first published in 1839, omitting the second and part of the third books, defects which have been supplied in the new edition.) In 1857 he collected and published his contributions to the Edinburgh Review in 3 vols., 8vo. An edition of Lord Brougham's writings, entitled "The Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Works of Henry Lord Brougham, F.R.S., Member of the National Institute of France, and of the Royal Academy of Naples," was published by M ssrs. Richard Griffin & Co., in 10 vols., 1855-1858. So recently as the 17th and 31st of May, 1858, Lord Brougham read to the Academy of Science a very interesting paper on the structure of the cells of bees, which was published in the Comptes Rendus, &c., tom. xlvi., p. 1024, under the title of "Recherches analytiques et experimentales sur les alveoles des Abeilles." In October, 1859, his lordship was elected chancellor of the university of Edinburgh, and was entertained at a public banquet by the city. The chancellorship he retained till his death, which occurred on the 7th of May, 1868.—D. B.
BROUGHTON, Arthur, an English botanist who lived towards the end of the 18th century. He resided in Jamaica, and published in 1794 a catalogue of the more valuable and rare plants growing in the public botanic garden in the mountains of Liguanea, in the island of Jamaica; also of medicinal and other plants growing in North and South America.—J. H. B.
BROUGHTON, Hugh, an eminent Hebrew and rabbinical scholar, was born in 1549 at Oldbury in Shropshire. Being the child of poor parents, he received his education at the school which had been founded, and was sustained, by the excellent Bernard Gilpin at Houghton in the county of Durham. By the same benevolent man he was supported at Cambridge, where he became a student, and afterwards a fellow of Christ's college. From an early period he devoted himself to Hebrew literature, and being a close student, he acquired unusual proficiency not only in the biblical, but also in the later Hebrew, as well as in some of the cognate tongues. Unfortunately, he conceived at the same time such an inordinate sense of his own superiority, that he was constantly afterwards involving himself in disputes and difficulties. In London, where he first appeared after leaving Cambridge, he sought notoriety by attacking others both in the pulpit and from the press. Having published a book on scripture chronology and genealogy, he was allowed to deliver lectures in defence of his system in St. Paul's cathedral. At this time he ranked with the puritans, but having quarrelled with them he set up a conventicle for himself. In 1589 he left England in disgust, and travelled for some time in Germany, where his great scholarship procured him the favour of several eminent persons, but where his arrogance and pugnacity exposed him to the same disagreeable consequences as had caused him to leave England. He officiated for some time as pastor of the English church at Middleburg in Zealand, and whilst here he came into collision with Henry Ainsworth, and had that violent dispute with him, to which reference is made in the life of the latter. (See Ainsworth, H.) He returned to England in 1611, and died at Tottenham High Cross in the following year. His principal works were collected and published by the learned Dr. Lightfoot, with the following title—"The Works of the Great Albonian Divine, renowned in many nations for rare skill in Salem's and Athens' tongues, and familiar acquaintance with all Rabbinical learning, Mr. Hugh Broughton," folio, 1662. Some of these writings are in Hebrew, and all of them indicate large acquaintance with Jewish learning. The style, however, is very bad, "curt, harsh, and obscure," as his editor admits, and they are disfigured by constant outbursts of petulance and dogmatism. Broughton is frequently referred to by Ben Jonson.—W. L. A.
BROUGHTON, Richard, an ecclesiastical historian, born at Great Stukely in Huntingdonshire, was educated at the English college of Rheims. After taking priest's orders in 1593, he returned to England and began his labours as a missionary, which he pursued quietly but zealously for the space of forty-two years. Died in 1634. His principal works are—"An Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain from the Nativity to the Conversion of the Saxons," Douay, 1633; "A True Memorial of the Ancient, most Holy, and Religious State of Great Britain, &c., in the Time of the Britons and Primitive Church of the Saxons," 1650; and "Monasticon Britannicum," 1655.—J. S., G.
BROUGHTON, Thomas, a learned divine and miscellaneous writer, one of the original authors of the Biographia Britannica, born in London in 1704, was educated at Eton and at Gonville and Caius college, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1728. After taking priest's orders he became curate of Offley in Hertfordshire, and in 1739, on the presentation of John, duke of Bedford, was instituted to the rectory of Stepington or Stibington, Huntingdonshire. Having been chosen reader to the Temple he became known to Bishop Sherlock, then master, who gave him the vicarage of Bedminster, near Bristol, and a prebend of Salisbury. Died at Bristol in 1774. His enthusiasm for ancient music led to his making the acquaintance of Handel, whom he furnished with words for many of his compositions. Shortly after his death a volume of his sermons was given to the world by his son. His principal works are the following—"Christianity distinct from the Religion of Nature, in three parts, in Answer to Christianity as Old as the Creation;" part of the New Edition of Bayle's Dictionary, in English, corrected, with a Translation of the Latin and other quotations; "Original Poems and Translations, by John Dryden, Esq., now first collected and published together," 2 vols.; "A Translation of some of the Orations of Demosthenes;" "Hercules," a musical drama; and "Bibliotheca Historico-Sacra, an Historical Dictionary of all Religions from the Creation of the World to the Present Time," 1756, 2 vols. fol.—J. S., G.
BROUGHTON, William Grant, D.D., first bishop of Australia, 1835-53, was born at Canterbury in 1789. While a curate at Hartley Westpall, in Hampshire, he became known to the great duke of Wellington, who, when it was determined in 1829 to send an archdeacon to preside over the church in Australia, selected Mr. Broughton for the office. There was much need for an energetic and judicious man; the colony was full of convicts, but neither for them nor for the settlers had any care been taken to provide the means of religious instruction. The archdeacon laboured diligently, and not without success, till 1835, when he came to England to plead the cause of his people; and the result was that the see of Australia was founded, and he returned, with a large increase of clergy, to be the first bishop. He soon afterwards offered to resign half his income, that the diocese might be divided, "and, when this might not be, made over a fourth part." That which was then the diocese of Australia, now comprises the sees of Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Newcastle, Perth, Tasmania, New Zealand, Christ Church, Wellington, Nelson, and Waiapu. For seventeen years Bishop Broughton never quitted his post. In the autumn of 1852 he came home to make arrangements with others of the home and colonial bishops, for the more effective government of the church. The vessel in which he returned to England was the La Plata, on board which the yellow fever broke out with great virulence, and, in the words of Archdeacon Harrison in his funeral sermon, "his christian pastoral zeal impelled him to supply with assiduous care to the sick and dying the sacred ministrations of religion; and when now, on the shores of England, leave was given to those who had escaped the pestilence, to quit the ship and go on shore, the bishop, faithful to his sense of duty, would not leave. The effects of these trying scenes he never recovered; he died in 1853, and was buried in Canterbury cathedral.—T. S. P.
BROUNCKER or BROUNKER, William, viscount of Castle-Lyons in Ireland, first president of the Royal Society, born about 1620. He studied at the university of Oxford, where he took the degree of doctor of physic in 1646. From its incorporation in the reign of Charles II., he was president of the Royal Society during the long period of fifteen years, his lease of the dignity being renewed annually. A few scientific papers are extant under his name. He also held some offices about court. He died in 1684.—J. S., G.
BROUSSAIS, François Victor Joseph, a celebrated
