"Beskrivelse over den Opmaalingsmaade som bruges ved de danske geographiske Karter," published in 1779, is a handbook of mensuration. His autobiography is contained in the Wormske Lexicon, 3rd vol.—M. H.
BUGENHAGEN, Johann, surnamed Pomeranus, one of the most celebrated of the German reformers; born in 1485; died in 1558. While rector of the academy of Treptow he wrote, by command of Boleslas X., a history of Pomerania, which was published two centuries later by Balthasar. He was not one of the earliest, but he became one of the staunchest of the supporters of Luther. At Wittemberg, where he removed as soon as he had determined to share the labours and the dangers of the reformers, he expounded the Psalms to large audiences, which were not unfrequently graced by the presence of Melancthon. The zeal and ability with which he aided Luther in all his movements, recommended Bugenhagen to the favour of Christian II. of Denmark, who employed him in the organization of the ecclesiastical establishments of the kingdom, and at the conclusion of his labours offered him a bishopric, which, however, he was too zealous a Lutheran to accept. Although the duties of his charge at Wittemberg were of the most onerous description, he found time to assist Luther in his translation of the scriptures, to prepare a version of the sacred books in Low German, and to publish a great number of theological works, which, although little read at the present day, are in a historical point of view—so great was their influence on the progress of the Reformation—only less interesting than those of Luther and Melancthon.—J. S., G.
BUGIARDINI, Giuliano, a Florentine artist, born in 1481. He imitated the milder and weaker qualities of Leonardo. He was instructed by Bertoldo, a sculptor, and was educated and much beloved by Michel Angelo. His taste in design and composition were imperfect; he drew badly, his colour was dry, and his anatomy overdone. He died in 1556.—W. T.
BULGARIN, Thaddeus, born in Lithuania in 1789. Although by birth a pole, Bulgarin may be numbered among the distinguished writers of Russia, as his politics were Russian, and his best works are written in the Russian language. His career was in some respects that of an adventurer. He served in a Russian regiment of lancers from 1805 to 1808, when he joined the army of Napoleon in Spain; and in 1814 we find him at the head of a body of volunteers. In 1818 he removed to St. Petersburg, where he remained till his death. He there commenced editing l'Abeille du Nord (the Northern Bee), a Journal which is still in existence. Gifted with great facility of composition, Bulgarin published many critical works, besides various novels and romances, amongst others "Ivan Vigighin;" "Roslawlieff;" "Dmitri;" and "Mazeppa." As a critic Bulgarin was clever, but too often satirical and unjust. His last important production is entitled "Russia under its Historical, Literary, and Geographical Aspects."—M. Q.
BULGARIS, Eugenius, a very learned Greek prelate, born at Corfu in 1716; died at St. Petersburg in 1805. He was an admirable linguist, and wrote largely on philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy. The modern Greeks regard him as one of their best writers, and his style is held as a model at the courts of the hospodars of Moldavia and Wallachia. He is commonly known by the name Engenius.
BULL, George, D.D., bishop of St. David's, 1705-1710; born in Wells in 1634; educated at Tiverton grammar school, and afterwards at Exeter college, Oxford. In 1655 he was ordained deacon and priest by Dr. Skinner, the ejected bishop of Oxford, who dispensed with the canonical rules, on account of Bull's "peculiar fitness for the ministry and the necessities of the times." In 1658 he was presented to the rectory of Siddington St. Mary, near Cirencester, and in 1662 the vicarage of Siddington St. Peter was united to it—the joint income being less than £100 per annum. Here he employed himself for twenty-seven years in the diligent discharge of pastoral duties, in preaching and catechising, and in composing his admirable works of practical and controversial divinity. In 1685 he became rector of Avening; in 1686 the degree of D.D. was conferred on him by the university of Oxford; in 1678 a prebend of Gloucester; in 1686 the archdeaconry of Llandaff, by Archbishop Bancroft; and in 1705, at the advanced age of seventy-one, he was made bishop of St. David's, the duties of which see he discharged with much zeal and diligence till 1710, when he died at Brecknock.—T. S. P.
BULL, John, Mus. Doc, was born in Somersetshire about the year 1563, and, as it is said, was a descendant from the Somerset family. He was educated in music under Blitheman, an organist of the chapel royal in the reign of Elizabeth. At the age of twenty-three he was admitted to the degree of bachelor of music at Oxford; and six years afterwards to that of doctor. On the death of Blitheman in 1591, he received the appointment of organist to the royal chapel; and Wood says of him, that he had "a most prodigious hand on the organ." Shortly afterwards, at the express desire of the queen, he was nominated the first professor of music in Gresham college. In 1601 he went abroad for the recovery of his health, which for some time had been greatly impaired. Upon the accession of James I. he retained all his previous appointments, and was nominated one of the chamber musicians to the king; in which capacity he had the honour of instructing Prince Henry. Stow tells us in his Chronicles, that he was selected to entertain the king and the prince with his performance on the organ at Merchant-Taylors' Hall, July 16th, 1607, the election-day of the master and wardens. Upon this occasion he is said to have composed the national anthem "God Save the King;" the authorship of which has so long been the subject of dispute. In 1841, the late Mr. Richard Clark, one of the lay-vicars of Westminster abbey, announced for publication "The Manuscript Compositions of John Bull;" but, we are sorry to say, the announcement received so little support, that the promised volume never appeared. The claims of Dr. Bull to the gratitude of his countrymen are thus set forth in Mr. Clark's prospectus:—"Dr. Bull's reputation as a composer and as an organist extended during his lifetime to the capitals of Holland, France, and Germany, and he may justly be considered the Henry Purcell of the latter half of the sixteenth century. It is presumed the publication of this interesting manuscript will tend to throw a new light on the extraordinary genius and acquirements of one of the earliest, and most celebrated musicians of which this country can boast; and it will materially assist in demonstrating that in the reign of Elizabeth there first appeared those great harmonies and combinations of notes, which it has been the habit of many professors to attribute to the later period of Henry Purcell, and the still later one of Sebastian Bach. . . . It also exhibits another, and, if possible, still more interesting claim on the attention and patronage of the musical public, as it contains the national air of "God Save the King," composed in four parts. This is written in three-two time, and the melody is, with one or two exceptions, precisely the same as is now in use; and it is but justice to the memory of Dr. Bull, its composer, to state that his reputation may be considered to have suffered from the claims which have unjustly been made for various persons as the composer, and from the slight alteration which has arisen from the lapse of time, and the want of an authentic copy as a reference. . . . In addition to this great curiosity, there are twenty-seven other compositions, including many fugues, canons, and variations on the fine old Gregorian hymns, Gloria tibi Trinitas, Salvator Mundi Domine, Felice namque offertorium," &c. &c. In 1613, as we learn from the old cheque-book of the chapel royal, "John Bull, doctor of music, went beyond the seas without license, and was admitted into the archduke's service, and entered into pay there about Michaelmas." Wood says that he died at Hamburg; others assert that this event took place at Lubeck; but recent researches have enabled us to set the matter beyond doubt. Bull visited Antwerp in 1615, and was appointed organist of the church of Notre Dame in that city in 1617. He died on the 12th or 13th of March, 1628, and was buried in the cathedral of which he was organist. There is a picture of him yet remaining in the music school at Oxford. It is painted on board, and represents him in his habit of bachelor of music. (Wood's Athenœ; Ward's Gresham Professors; Archives of Antwerp, &c.)—E. F. R.
BULLER, Charles, a liberal politician, who promised to be a statesman, was born at Calcutta in 1806. He was the younger son of a younger son—the latter, then a member of the Bengal civil service, afterwards succeeding an elder brother in the representation of West Looe, a borough disfranchised by the reform bill, and in which the Buller family had influence. He received his early education at Harrow, which he quitted with the highest honours. He studied subsequently at Edinburgh, and there had for one of his tutors Mr. Thomas Carlyle. His education was completed at Cambridge, where he distinguished himself less in the academic studies of the place, than as a fluent,
