denberg for promotion in the Prussian civil service; and after occupying various important offices, he was in 1813 nominated minister of finance, and subsequently minister of commerce. He died in 1828. His brother-in-law, Augustus Friedrich Wilhelm (born 1762; died 1817), was secretary-general of administration, and chief of Prussian police at Dresden, and afterwards at Berlin, and wrote a treatise on "Jurisprudence," and a work on "The State of the Protestant Church in Germany."
Bülow, Heinrich, baron von, a distinguished Prussian diplomatist and statesman, born in 1790. His enthusiastic patriotism made him abandon his studies at Heidelberg in 1813, and take up arms against the oppressors of Germany. He distinguished himself in various engagements under General Walmoden. On the downfall of Napoleon, he was employed in various diplomatic services. In 1817 he became secretary of embassy in London, and in 1827 was elevated to the office of Prussian ambassador at the English court, and took part in several important negotiations. In 1842 he received the portfolio of foreign affairs, but his administration was unpopular, and he resigned his office in 1844. His death took place at Berlin in 1846.—J. T.
* BÜLOW, Karl Eduard von, a German novelist, was born near Eilenburg, November 17, 1803. He established his literary fame at once by his "Novellenbuch," 1834-36, 4 vols., a collection of one hundred translations of old Italian, Spanish, French, and other novels. His own "Novellen" appeared from 1846-48 in 3 vols.—K. E.
BULWER LYTTON, Sir Edward. See Lytton.
* BULWER, Sir Henry Lytton, G.C.B., the Right Hon., is the second son of the late Brigadier-general William Earle Bulwer, of Heydon and Woodalling, county of Norfolk, by Elizabeth Barbara, only daughter and heiress of R. W. Lytton, Esq. of Knebworth, Herts. He is consequently elder brother of Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, Bart.—(See Lytton.) He was born in the year 1804, and entered the diplomatic service in 1827. From November, 1832, he was attached to the embassy at Paris down to November, 1835, when he was appointed secretary of legation at Brussels; two years later he was sent in the same capacity to Constantinople, where he negotiated and concluded a treaty, which is the foundation of our present commercial system in the East. In November, 1843, he was appointed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the court of Madrid, in which capacity he negotiated the peace between Spain and Morocco. In 1848, however, he was dismissed from his post by the fickle ministry of that country, and returned to England. His able administration of affairs at Madrid, however, had already secured the addition of his name to the list of her majesty's privy council, and his subsequent diplomatic acts were rewarded with the honours of the highest decorations of the order of the Bath. In April, 1849, he was nominated British minister at Washington, from whence he was transferred, in the same capacity, to the court of Tuscany in 1852. In America and Italy alike his diplomatic career was attended with success. In 1856 he was nominated by Lord Palmerston commissioner at Bucharest, for investigating the state of the Danubian principalities. As British commissioner he elicited from every minister and every government concerned, the warmest expressions of approval, and all concurred in recommending him for the post of ambassador to the Ottoman Porte on the return of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe (see that name) in the spring of 1858. Sir H. L. Bulwer is married to a sister of Earl Cowley, our ambassador at Paris.—E. W.
BÜNAU, Heinrich Graf von, the well-known patron of Winkelmann, was born at Weissenfels, June 2, 1697, and died at his estate of Osmannstädt, April 7, 1762. He studied at Leipzig, and soon rose to high honours in the administrative service of Saxony, but resigned his offices, and some years after entered the service of the Emperor Charles VII., after whose death he was appointed regent and afterwards prime minister of the duchy of Weimar and Eisenach. He stood in general esteem for his integrity as a statesman, as well as for his liberality as a patron of learning and literature.—K. E.
BUNBURY, Henry William, an amateur caricaturist, who now seems to us rather gross and dull. He was the younger son of Sir William Bunbury of Mildenhall, Suffolk, and was educated in Westminster school and Catherine Hall, Cambridge. His "Directions to Bad Horsemen" are smart and spirited, but not subtle or refined. Sir Joshua Reynolds, who was not fond of praising men equal to himself said these riding plates excelled everything of the kind. Mr. Bunbury died in 1811, near Kerwick. Many a barber's boy and countryman still rejoices is the broad fun of Bunbury.—W. T.
* BUNGE, Alexander von, a Russian botanist and traveller, was born at Kiew on 24th September, 1803. He took his degree of doctor at the university of Dorpat in 1825. He travelled with Ledebour into Siberia, and visited the Altai mountains. In 1830 he was sent by the Russian government as naturalist with the mission to Pekin, where he remained for eight months. He made a large collection of plants. He again visited the Altai mountains at the request of the Russian government. He came to Petersburg in 1833, and was subsequently appointed professor of botany at Casan, and, finally, in 1836, he succeeded Ledebour as professor of botany and director of the botanic garden of Dorpat. His chief works are—"Conspectus of the genus Gentian;" a "Treatise on the Natural System;" "Enumeration of Chinese Plants;" and "Catalogue of Altai Plants."—J. H. B.
BUNSEN, Christian-Charles-Josiah, Baron, scholar, theologian, and diplomatist, one of the most distinguished men and finely-balanced characters of the present age. He was born at Korbach in the year 1791, and died in 1860. He studied first at Marpurg, but afterwards, from 1809 to 1813, at Göttingen, under the celebrated philologer Heyne. His first publication was a treatise on Attic law—early indicating the grand combination of ancient learning with the business of life for which his future career became so characteristic. In 1813 he left Göttingen; unwilling, as a true German, to accept office under the imperial sovereignty of Jerome Bonaparte, then tottering to its fall. In Holland and Denmark, to which he next proceeded, he enjoyed the instructions of Finn Magnusen, while prosecuting those profound studies in the old German and Icelandic dialects, which he had already commenced under Benecke and Lachmann. In 1815 he went to Berlin, and made the acquaintance of Niebuhr. In 1816 he studied Persic and Arabic under the famous Sylvester de Sacy, at Paris; and in the same year went to Rome, where, through Niebuhr's influence, then Prussian plenipotentiary to the papal court, he in 1818 received the appointment of secretary to the embassy. About this time Bunsen married an English lady; a circumstance prophetic of his future intimate connection with this country. In 1827, after Niebuhr's removal to Bonn, Bunsen succeeded to his office as Prussian minister in Rome. Besides Roman topography and archæology, we find him at this period engaged in ethnological studies of a far-reaching character, in the study of Platonic philosophy; and again occupied with profound researches on biblical criticism, church history, and liturgical formulas. His attention was directed to Egyptian antiquities by the visit of Champollion to Rome in the year 1826. To the importance of the great discovery made by this extraordinary genius, his eyes were immediately opened; and in his great work on Egypt he has done ample justice to the genius of the great Frenchman. In 1839 we find him again in the Prussian diplomatic service as ambassador at Bern. In 1841 he was called to Berlin to arrange the affairs of a new English-German bishopric, to be created in Jerusalem. For this purpose he was despatched to England; when shortly afterwards he was made Prussian ambassador in this country, as successor to Baron Bulow. This important situation he filled for fourteen years; and the fruits of his residence were of great political consequence, both to England and Germany. He took an active part in all public questions. In 1848 he defended vigorously the rights of the German element, in the duchy of Holstein, against the king of Denmark, who was supported by Lord Palmerston and the English government. In 1854, on occasion of the Russo-Turkish war, he used equal independence of judgment, and an eye no less clear, for the true interests of Germany; but as the Russian party were yet too strong in Berlin for such decidedly English sympathies as Bunsen exhibited in the movements which led to the Crimean expedition to be officially tolerated, he demitted his post in London, and subsequently lived as a private man in Heidelberg, prosecuting to a triumphant close that long course of historical and theological study which he had never for a single day remitted during his long course of public life in the busy metropolis of the British empire. He, however, never ceased, by stirring pamphlets and otherwise, to let his voice be heard on important public questions, which deeply interested him as a German and as a Christian; and he,
