quarrel with the famous comedian Molé, who had influence enough to have the Theatre Française shut in his face. He next brought the leading critics on his back by essays against the false taste they encouraged, and from which he was saved by his love for Moliere, which amounted to adoration. The Emperor Napoleon rendered his old age easy, which was moreover sweetened by the devotedness of an excellent daughter, in whose arms the dramatist expired in 1813.—J. F. C.
CAILLARD, Antoine-Bernard, born in 1737; died in 1807. In youth he became acquainted with Turgot, to whom he owed much of his success. Through his influence he accompanied the marquis de Vérac in 1774, 1779, and 1784, as secretary of legation to Cassel, Copenhagen, and St. Petersburg. In 1786 he was sent to the Hague. After the Revolution the directory appointed him minister-plenipotentiary to the court of Berlin. In this mission he obtained the Prussian king's recognition of the left bank of the Rhine as the boundary of the republic; but the secret intrigues of Russia induced the directory to supersede him by Sieyes, whom they considered a more imposing ambassador. In 1801 Caillard received the portfolio of the foreign department in the absence of Talleyrand. His "Memoire sur la Revolution de Hollande en 1787," is highly praised.—R. M., A.
CAILLAU, Jean-Marie, a French physician, born at Gaillac in 1765; died in 1820. He did not study medicine till 1789. In 1794 he obtained an appointment as physician to the army of the Western Pyrenees. Having taken his degree in 1803, he commenced practising in Bordeaux, where he ultimately became vice-director, and at last director of the medical school.
CAILLE, de la. See La Caille.
CAILLÈ, Renè, a celebrated French traveller in the close of the last century. Having resided in Senegal for a number of years to inure himself to the climate, and acquire familiarity with the native manners, he started from Sierra Leone, after a short visit to Paris, penetrated to Timbuctoo in the guise of an Egyptian who had been educated in France, and subsequently reached Tangier half dead from fatigue and hardships. He was awarded a prize of ten thousand francs by the Geographical Society of Paris, and published the journal of his travels in 1830.—W. B.
CAILLEMOTE, a gallant officer in the service of the prince of Orange, descended from a noble family of France. Coming to England with William in 1688, he was despatched to Ireland in the following year with a command in the expedition under the duke of Schomberg. After the reduction of Carrickfergus, the army, with the exception of La Caillemote's regiment and Cambon's, having gone into winter quarters, this brave officer had an opportunity of distinguishing himself in a most hazardous enterprise, an attempt against Charlemont Fort, which, although considered an almost impregnable position, he succeeded with extraordinary daring in damaging to such an extent, that it surrendered to the duke shortly after. Caillemote fell at the battle of the Boyne.—J. S., G.
CAILLET, Guillaume, known as Jacques Bonhomme, a French peasant who lived in the fourteenth century. He was the leader of the Jacquerie or insurgent peasants, who, driven mad with hunger and wretchedness, in 1358 stormed the castles of the nobles and slaughtered their inmates. These poor peasants had been long ruthlessly plundered and degraded, and at last suddenly overwhelmed their oppressors with a terrible revenge. The nobles immediately declared against them, and Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, completed their destruction. The king of the Jacquerie was crowned with a red-hot iron trivet.
CAILLET, Nicolas, a French lawyer of the sixteenth century. He studied under the famous Cujas, and has left a work entitled "Commentarii in leges Marchiæ Municipales.
CAILLIAUD, Frederic, a famous French traveller, born at Nantes in 1787. With a competent knowledge of natural science, especially of geology and mineralogy, acquired in Paris, he set out on his travels in 1814, and passing through Greece, Turkey in Europe, and Turkey in Asia, reached Egypt in the following year, where he was well received by the pasha, Mohammed Ali, who commissioned him to explore the deserts on both sides of the Nile. After acquainting himself with the monuments abounding in the vicinity of the two uppermost Nubian cataracts, he discovered by a fortunate chance at Mount Zabarah the famous emerald mines wrought under the Ptolemies, and since their day mines of wealth to the Arabic poets, but although still in working order, being even furnished with the necessary tools, long sacred from the hand of avaricious toil. A hardly less curious discovery, which he made shortly after in this region, was that of one of the ancient commercial routes through Egypt to India, which, by the account of some of the tribes among whom his inquiries were prosecuted, led through a city of great extent on the borders of the Red Sea, probably Berenice, the ruins of which are still visible. After spending nine months at Thebes, he returned to France in 1819, with a rich collection of antiquities, plans, inscriptions, &c., which M. Jomard, at the request of government, published in 1825, under the title of "Voyage à l'oasis de Thebes et dans les deserts situés à l'orient et à l'occident de la Thebaide," &c. Returning to Egypt before the end of the year, he collected the materials for the "Voyage à l'oasis de Syouah," also published by M. Jomard in 1823. Joining the expedition of the pasha's son, Ishmail, into Upper Nubia, he gratified a cherished ambition by a visit to the supposed site of the ancient Meroe, of which, and of the region to the north, he published an account in 1826-27, under the title—"Voyage à Meroe, au fleuve Blanc, au delà de Fazogl, dans le midi du royaume de Sennâr, à Syouah et dans les cinq autres oasis," &c. In 1831 he published an interesting work on the arts and trades, the civil and domestic life of the ancient races of Egypt, Nubia, and Ethiopia, and the manners and customs of the modern inhabitants of these countries. Previous to the publication of this work he was appointed curator of the museum of his native town.—(Nouv. Biog. Gen.)—J. S., G.
CAIN (Possession), the eldest son of Adam and Eve; the story of his crime and punishment is recorded in Genesis, chapter iv.
* CAIRD, Rev. John, a minister of the established church of Scotland, possessed of rare accomplishments as a pulpit orator, was born at Greenock in 1820. His first charge was at Newton, Ayr, whence in 1847 he was transferred to Lady Tester's, Edinburgh. His popularity in the city became so great that his strength was overtasked, and for the sake of his health he accepted in 1849 the country charge of Errol, near Perth. While there the power of the young preacher was not forgotten, and whenever he was induced to visit the larger towns his discourses were listened to by crowds such as no Scottish preacher has drawn since the days of Chalmers. In 1855 he preached before the queen in Crathie church, Balmoral, his sermon on "The Religion of Common Life," which being published by royal command, extended his fame far and wide, and obtained for him a reputation much higher than that of a mere popular preacher. In 1857 he accepted the pastorate of a newly-erected church in Glasgow. The year following he published a volume of sermons, which has been widely read and cordially eulogised. He is now professor of divinity in Glasgow college, and one of her majesty's chaplain's for Scotland.—J. B.
CAIRELS, Elias, a Perigordian jongleur and troubadour, died about 1260. It was while working at his trade as a silversmith that the genius of poesy first visited him. After this he abandoned his craft, and betook himself to the courts of kings and princes. Montferrat was one of his patrons.
CAIRNES, David, one of those names which is honourably associated with the gallant and memorable defence of Derry in 1689. The family settled in Ireland two centuries previously, having come from Scotland with the earl of Annandale, and claim kindred with some of the highest families, both in that country and in England. David was educated to the profession of the law, which he followed previously to the Revolution, and was possessed of considerable property and position. On the day that Lord Antrim led his troops to the gates of Derry, Cairnes arrived in the city, and by his influence and the weight of his character, he turned the scale of public opinion in favour of "the 'Prentice Boys," and succeeded in persuading the leading men to co-operate with them in defending the town. His exertions also induced the gentry in the surrounding counties to aid in the great struggle which was impending. During three days he superintended and suggested the plan of defence of Derry, and on the fourth day, the 11th December, he undertook the hazardous task of bearing letters to King William and the Irish Society from the citizens, representing the imminence of their position, and imploring speedy supplies of arms and ammunition. Returning, after a delay of three months, with a promise of succour, he was just in time to
