spirit. He sought to train his son in the same views. He was himself accordingly his first teacher; afterwards he sent him to school at Flensburg, and then to the university at Helmstädt, the great seat of the more liberal and cultivated theology which Melancthon had represented. Here, from 1603 to 1609, young Calixtus spent his time in the study, first of philosophy and philology, and then chiefly, during the last two years, of theology. The Aristotelian philosophy especially engaged his attention, and he became a warm admirer of it. His theological studies took their direction more from an independent examination of patristic writings than from any special influence surrounding him; and the naturally free and comprehensive bias of his mind grew and flourished from communion with the early christian writers. After the completion of his university course, he travelled for four years throughout Belgium, France, and England, chiefly employed in examining into the state of religion in these countries; and there can be little doubt that these years of travel, and the cosmopolitan tastes and sympathies which they awakened, or perhaps only strengthened, served strongly to form him for his future mediatory career. The theology and practical working of the Roman catholic church excited his particular regard at this early period, and he remained a winter in Cologne with the view of studying them. His talents and activity gradually attracted attention, and his fame as a rising theologian reached its height in a victorious encounter with the jesuit Turrianus, in the year 1614. He was offered a professorship of theology in his own university, and here in the same year he settled, and for nearly half a century devoted his energies to the cultivation of a moderate and liberal theology, and the spread of a more catholic and tolerant spirit in the Lutheran church. He died in 1656.
It is of little consequence to record the several struggles in which his efforts at christian union and his various writings engaged Calixtus. His projects fell upon evil days, and met with even a harder fate than is usual in such cases. Reviled by the Lutherans, he failed to win the papists. He and his friends were called by the old Lutherans crypto-papists, and syncretism passed into a byword for every species of heresy. With the Calvinists he seems to have got on better perhaps than with any other of the contending religious parties, and his association with them on the occasion of a religious controversy at Thorn in 1646, was a subject of special indignation and accusation against him on the part of his Lutheran brethren. His efforts, unsuccessful as they were in their immediate object, made a deep impression on the German churches, and combined with the comprehensive and humanistic spirit of his theology, helped to prepare the way for a reaction against the barren dogmatism of Lutheranism in the seventeenth century. The writings of Calixtus were mainly of an occasional character—those at least published by himself. Even in his lifetime, however, there were published by others, several series of what appear to have been his theological lectures, viz., his "Expositiones Literales," upon most of the books of the Old Testament; and his "Concordia Evangeliorum." After his death there appeared "Orationes Selectæ," Helmstadt, 1660; and his general contributions to Old Testament exegesis were collected and published by his son in 1665, under the title "Lucubrationes ad quorundam V. T. librorum intelligentiam facientes." The student may consult Gass. G. Calixt. und der Syncretismus, 1846; or G. Calixtus und seine Zeit, by Henke, 1853.—T.
CALKON, Jan Frederik Van Beek, the most celebrated astronomer of the Netherlands, was born at Groningen in 1772. He was destined for the reformed church, of which his father was a minister, but turned aside to mathematics and astronomy. Visiting the German universities, he made many friends among the learned; and afterwards taught astronomy and mathematics at Leyden and Utrecht. He was elected a member of the Dutch National Institute, and died in 1811. He wrote a dissertation on the clocks of the ancients.
CALL, Sir John, Bart., celebrated as a military engineer, was born in 1732. Having gone to India, he was made, ere he had reached his twentieth year, chief engineer at Fort St. David; a situation which he held till in 1757 he was made chief engineer at Madras, and soon after of all the Coromandel coast. Having accomplished the reduction of Pondicherry and Vellore, and distinguished himself in the war with Hyder Ali, he was advanced by the company, and was recommended by Clive to succeed to the government of Madras; but he chose rather to return to England. He was in 1782 appointed one of a commission of inquiry into the state of crown lands, woods, and forests. He entered parliament in 1784, was made a baronet in 1791, and died in 1801.—J. B.
CALLACHAN, king of Cashel, and successor to Cormac, reigned in the earlier part of the tenth century. Uniformly the ally of the Danes, he was noted for his unremitting warfare against christianity. He pillaged the venerable monastery of Clonmacnoise, and the abbey of Clonleagh. The life of this fierce and sacrilegious prince stands out in black and odious contrast to that of the illustrious king and bishop, Cormac. At length, about the year 939, he was delivered up to Donagh, king of Ireland, with other captives and hostages. The only other notice we have of him is on the occasion of a victory obtained by him over Kennedy, king of Munster.—J. F. W.
CALLANAN, J. J., was born in the city of Cork in the year 1795, and was educated for the Roman catholic priesthood. Finding, however, that he had no vocation for the ecclesiastical state, he left the college of Maynooth in 1816, and two years after obtained the situation of tutor in a respectable family in his native city. The ill-requited duties of a tutor were as little congenial to his disposition as their reward was unsuitable to his wants, and he accordingly left Cork and entered Trinity college, Dublin, with the design of qualifying himself for the profession of the law. During his college course he wrote two prize poems, which secured for him the favourable judgment of the authorities. Unfortunately he abandoned his college studies after the second year, and having exhausted his resources, he enlisted privately in the Royal Irish regiment, then about to embark for Malta; but was, after a short time, discovered by his friends, who procured his release. Two more weary years of teaching followed. Then, after an interval of indolence and poetic musing, we find him at a school in 1823, which he soon left to ramble through the lovely scenery of his native county, collecting its legends and nursing his poetic tastes. Meantime he had contributed some pieces of high merit to Blackwood and Bolster's magazines. In failing health and reduced circumstances, he went in the end of the year 1827 to Lisbon, as tutor in a gentleman's family. During his stay in Portugal he acquired the language, and made several translations from its poetry, and was occupied in preparing his writings for publication. Meantime his health daily declined, and at last his illness assumed so alarming an aspect, that he determined on returning to die in his native land; but when on board the vessel he was unable to proceed, and returning to shore, he died a few days after on the 19th September, 1829, in the 34th year of his age, just at the time that his poems were published in his native city. Callanan was a true poet. Thoroughly acquainted with the romantic legends of his country, he was singularly happy in the graces and power of language, and the feeling and beauty of his sentiments. There is in his compositions little of that high classicality which marks the scholar; but they are full of exquisite simplicity and tenderness, and in his description of natural scenery he is unrivalled. His lines on "Gougane Barra" are known to every tourist that visits the romantic regions of the south of Ireland, and his longer poems possess great merit.—J. F. W.
CALLARD DE LA DUQUERIE, Jean Baptiste, a French physician and botanist, was born in 1630, and died in 1746. He practised his profession at Caen, and subsequently became one of the professors of medicine in the university. He founded the botanic garden of that town. He published a "Universal Medical Lexicon."—J. H. B.
CALLCOTT, Sir Augustus Wall, was born in Kensington in 1779. He was a chorister as a boy, and officiated for some years at Westminster abbey under Dr. Cooke. But he took early to painting as a profession, and became the pupil of Hoppner, the distinguished portrait painter, Callcott himself, at first, following the same branch of the art. Callcott's talent was, however, for landscape painting, and he eventually attained such eminence in this department of painting, that he was called the English Claude. Some of Callcott's finest works are in the style of Claude, but without the hardness of that painter, and with a more skilful treatment of the foregrounds; his colouring is uniformly sober, and somewhat of the tone of the early works of Turner. But Callcott never erred on the side of extravagance, and was always free from manner in his landscapes. In the National Gallery are some remarkably fine examples of the works of this painter, both of his least pretentious, and of his
